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#columns:word	meaning	example
# academic (NAWL): 954 kelime
# alfabetik
# Browne, C., Culligan, B. and Phillips, J. New Academic Word List, CC BY-SA 4.0
abdominal	relating to the stomach area of the body	The doctor checked her for abdominal pain.
absorb	soak up, take in	The towel can absorb a lot of water quickly.
absorption	the process of taking in a liquid, gas or energy	Plants need water for the absorption of minerals.
accelerate	to move faster or make something go faster	The car began to accelerate as the road opened up.
acceleration	an increase in speed or in rate of change	The acceleration of the train pushed us back in our seats.
accent	distinctive way of pronouncing words	She speaks English with a strong French accent.
accumulate	to gather or increase gradually over time	Dust began to accumulate on the shelves we never cleaned.
accumulation	a gradual gathering or increase of something	A thick accumulation of snow blocked the front door.
accuracy	quality of being correct, precise	The report was praised for its accuracy and detail.
accurately	correctly, precisely	The map shows the route accurately for hikers.
acid	a chemical substance that can dissolve metals	The scientist handled the acid carefully in the lab.
acidic	containing acid, sharp or sour	The soil here is too acidic for most vegetables.
activate	to make something start working	You need a code to activate the new card.
actively	in an energetic or involved way	She is actively looking for a new job right now.
acute	very serious or severe, sharp	The doctor treated her for acute back pain.
adaptation	a change made to fit a new use or situation	The film is an adaptation of a famous novel.
adaptive	able to change to fit new conditions	The car has an adaptive system that adjusts the lights.
adjacent	next to or very near something	Our office is adjacent to the train station.
admission	entry permission, or a confession	Admission to the museum is free on Sundays.
adolescent	a young person between child and adult	The book was written for adolescents aged twelve to sixteen.
adverse	harmful or unfavorable to someone	The medicine can cause adverse effects in rare cases.
aerosol	a substance sprayed from a can as fine mist	The paint comes in an aerosol can.
aesthetic	relating to beauty or artistic taste	They redesigned the lobby for aesthetic reasons.
affirm	to state firmly that something is true	The manager affirmed that the project would continue.
afterward	later, after that	We had dinner and went to the cinema afterward.
aggregate	a total formed from many separate items	The aggregate of all the votes showed a clear winner.
agriculture	the practice of farming	Agriculture remains the main industry in this small country.
airplane	a machine that flies in the sky	The airplane landed at the airport.
algebra	the part of maths that uses letters for numbers	We used algebra to find the value of x.
algorithm	a set of steps a computer follows to solve a problem	The search engine uses a new algorithm to rank pages.
alien	a creature from another planet, or a foreigner	The film is about an alien who lands in a small town.
alliance	a formal agreement between groups or countries	The two nations formed an alliance during the war.
allocate	to give out part of something for a purpose	The city will allocate more money to public parks.
allocation	an amount of something given out for a purpose	The allocation of funds to each school was announced today.
altitude	the height of something above sea level	The plane cruised at a high altitude over the mountains.
aluminum	a lightweight silver colored metal	The can is made from recycled aluminum.
amino	relating to a chemical group found in proteins	Protein in our food is built from amino acids.
amongst	in the middle of a group, among	The old letter was found amongst her grandmother's belongings.
amplitude	the size or height of a wave or vibration	The amplitude of the wave grew during the storm.
analogy	a comparison between two similar things	The teacher used a simple analogy to explain gravity.
ancestor	a family member from the past	My ancestor moved to this country long ago.
anthropology	the study of human societies and cultures	She majored in anthropology at university.
anti	opposed to something	He wore an anti war badge on his jacket.
antibiotic	a medicine that kills bacteria	The doctor gave her an antibiotic for the infection.
antibody	a blood protein that fights infection	The test looks for a specific antibody in the blood.
antiquity	the ancient past, or great age	The museum displays pottery from classical antiquity.
appendix	extra information added at the end of a book	The full data appears in the appendix of the report.
applause	approval shown by clapping	Loud applause filled the theater after the final scene.
apple	a round fruit with red or green skin	She ate a red apple for a snack.
approximate	close to a value but not exact	Give me an approximate time when the package will arrive.
approximation	a figure that is close but not exact	The number is only an approximation of the real total.
arbitrary	chosen at random, not for a clear reason	The choice of colors felt arbitrary rather than planned.
archaeology	the study of history through old objects and remains	She studies archaeology and works at ancient sites.
architect	person who designs buildings	The architect designed a modern glass office tower.
array	a large group of things arranged together	The shop offers a wide array of fresh fruit.
arrow	pointed weapon shot from a bow, or symbol	Follow the arrow on the sign to find the exit.
articulate	to express an idea clearly in words	She struggled to articulate exactly how she felt.
artifact	an object of historical or cultural interest	Archaeologists uncovered a rare artifact from the ancient city.
artificial	made by people, not natural	The flowers on the table are artificial, not real.
artistic	having natural skill in art	Her artistic talent was obvious from a very young age.
artwork	pictures or objects made by an artist	The children hung their artwork on the classroom wall.
aspect	a particular part or feature	Safety is an important aspect of the new design.
assembly	a group of people gathered together, or putting parts together	The whole school gathered for the morning assembly.
assert	to state something firmly and confidently	She firmly asserted her right to speak during the meeting.
assignment	a task given to someone	Students must submit the assignment by Friday afternoon.
athletic	physically strong and fit	He has an athletic build from years of training.
atom	the smallest unit of a chemical element	An atom is the smallest part of matter.
atomic	relating to atoms or atomic energy	The country built its first atomic power plant decades ago.
auction	public sale where things go to the highest bidder	The painting sold for a high price at the auction.
audio	relating to sound or hearing	The lesson comes with an audio recording.
audit	an official check of financial records	The company faced a full audit after the complaint.
authority	power to give orders, or official body	The manager has the authority to approve new hires.
autonomy	the right or ability to decide things for oneself	The region was given greater autonomy last year.
availability	the state of being available or ready to use	Check room availability before booking your trip.
axiom	a statement accepted as self-evidently true	It is an axiom of economics that demand affects price.
axis	an imaginary line something rotates around	The Earth spins on its axis once every day.
backward	toward the back, or in reverse	She glanced backward to check if anyone was following.
bacteria	very small living things that can cause disease	Hot water and soap kill most bacteria.
bacterial	caused by or relating to bacteria	The doctor said it was a bacterial infection.
bang	a sudden loud noise	The door closed with a loud bang in the wind.
bargain	something bought for a low price	I found a real bargain at the sale today.
barrel	large cylindrical container	The wine was aged for years in an oak barrel.
basin	wide bowl for water, or river area	She filled the basin with warm water to wash dishes.
bat	sports stick, or a flying night animal	He hit the ball with a bat.
beam	a line of light, or a long piece of wood or metal	A beam of sunlight came through the kitchen window.
behavioral	relating to how a person or animal acts	The class helps children with behavioral problems.
bilingual	able to speak two languages fluently	Their children are raised bilingual, speaking English and Spanish.
binary	using only two parts or two digits	Computers store all data in binary form.
biodiversity	the variety of living things in a place	The old forest is rich in biodiversity.
biologist	a scientist who studies living things	The biologist studies fish in the cold lake.
biology	the study of living organisms	We are learning about cells in biology class today.
bizarre	very strange or unusual	They told a bizarre story about lights in the sky.
blank	with nothing written or filled in	Please leave this line blank.
bleed	lose blood from the body	His knee began to bleed after the bicycle fell.
bodily	relating to the human body	The doctor checked her bodily functions.
bonus	extra money or a reward given	She received a bonus for her great work.
bound	certain to happen, or heading toward	The delayed train is bound for the central station.
bracket	a support fixed to a wall, or a group category	The shelf is held up by a metal bracket.
breakdown	a failure of a machine or system, or a detailed analysis	The train delay was caused by a mechanical breakdown.
broadly	in a general way, without specific detail	Broadly speaking, the plan received support from most staff.
bubble	thin sphere of liquid enclosing air	The children laughed as they blew soap bubbles outside.
bucket	a round container with a handle	He filled the bucket with water.
bulk	the main part, or a large mass	The bulk of the work is already finished.
bullet	small metal projectile fired from a gun	The bullet hit the wall and left a mark.
bundle	a group of things tied or wrapped together	She carried a bundle of old newspapers to the bin.
calcium	a mineral that keeps bones and teeth strong	Milk and cheese are rich in calcium.
calculation	process of working out a number	His calculation of the total was wrong by ten dollars.
calculator	device used to do calculations	She used a calculator to check her math homework quickly.
calculus	a branch of maths dealing with change and rates	He studies calculus in his first university year.
campus	the land and buildings of a school	There is a big library on the university campus.
capillary	a very thin blood vessel	Blood moves slowly through each tiny capillary.
capitalism	an economic system based on private business and profit	Under capitalism, most companies are privately owned.
capitalist	relating to a system of private business and profit	Most capitalist countries rely on free markets.
carrier	a person or thing that carries or transmits something	The airline is the country's main carrier for cargo.
cattle	cows kept for farming	The farmer moved his cattle to a fresh pasture.
censor	to remove parts of a text or film that are not allowed	The government censored parts of the newspaper.
characterization	the way a character is created and described	The novel is praised for its rich characterization.
cheat	to act dishonestly to gain an advantage	He was caught trying to cheat on the final exam.
cheers	said before drinking together, or as thanks	Cheers, everyone, and happy new year!
chemistry	science of substances and reactions	She studies chemistry at the university every afternoon.
chemotherapy	a drug treatment for cancer	She started chemotherapy treatment right after the diagnosis.
chess	a board game for two players	My grandfather taught me how to play chess.
chloride	a chemical compound containing chlorine	Table salt is sodium chloride.
chromosome	a thread of DNA that carries genes	Each human cell has forty six chromosomes.
chronic	lasting a long time and hard to cure	She takes medicine for a chronic illness.
chunk	a thick, solid piece of something	He tore off a large chunk of bread for the soup.
cinema	a place where you watch movies	We watched a new film at the cinema.
circa	about, used before a date	The old church was built circa 1500.
circulate	move around continuously, or spread	Rumors began to circulate about the company's closure.
circulation	the movement of something around a system	Exercise improves blood circulation throughout the body.
civilization	advanced, organized human society	Historians study how ancient civilization shaped modern culture.
clarify	to make something clearer or easier to understand	Could you clarify what you meant by that comment?
classification	the arrangement of things into groups	The scientist proposed a new classification for the insect species.
classify	arrange into groups by type	Scientists classify animals according to shared physical features.
classroom	a room where lessons are taught	The teacher walked into the classroom.
clay	heavy sticky earth used for pots and bricks	The children made small bowls out of wet clay.
clever	quick to learn and understand things	That was a clever way to solve the problem.
client	a person who uses a professional's services	The lawyer met with a new client this morning.
clinic	place for medical treatment	She visited the local clinic for a routine checkup.
clip	short extract, or small fastener	He shared a short clip from the concert online.
clone	to make an exact copy of something living	Scientists were able to clone the sheep successfully.
closure	the act of shutting something permanently	The factory closure left hundreds of workers unemployed.
clue	a piece of information that helps solve something	The detective found a clue near the window.
coefficient	a number placed before a variable in maths	In this formula the coefficient of x is three.
cognitive	relating to mental processes of thinking	The therapy focuses on improving cognitive function.
coherent	logical and consistent, easy to follow	She gave a coherent explanation despite being nervous.
collective	shared by or done by a group	The decision was a collective one by the whole team.
colonial	relating to a colony or colonialism	The old town still has many colonial buildings from that era.
colony	a country or area controlled by another country	The island was once a colony of Spain.
comma	punctuation mark showing a pause	Remember to put a comma before the word 'but'.
commentary	a spoken or written description of an event	The radio commentary made the match exciting.
commodity	a raw material or product that can be traded	Oil remains one of the world's most traded commodities.
commonly	usually, in most cases	This herb is commonly used in Italian cooking.
communicative	willing or able to communicate easily	The teacher used communicative activities to build speaking confidence.
communist	relating to a system in which the state owns property	The country had a communist government for forty years.
compact	small and using little space	The kitchen is compact but very practical.
comparable	similar enough to be compared	The two houses are comparable in size.
comparative	a grammar form comparing two things	Bigger is the comparative form of the word big.
compensate	to pay someone for loss or damage	The airline agreed to compensate passengers for the delay.
competence	the ability to do something well	The manager showed great competence in handling the crisis.
competent	having the skill to do something well	She is a competent driver with years of experience.
complement	something that completes or improves	The sauce is a perfect complement to the grilled fish.
complication	problem that makes a situation harder	A small complication delayed the flight.
comply	act according to a rule or request	All employees must comply with the safety regulations.
composer	a person who writes music	Mozart is a famous composer of classical music.
composite	made of several different parts	The bridge is built from a light composite material.
comprehension	the ability to understand something	The exam included a reading comprehension section.
computation	the act of calculating a number	The computation of the total took several minutes.
conceive	to form an idea in the mind	She conceived a brilliant idea for the new product.
conception	an idea or general understanding of something	His conception of freedom differed greatly from hers.
conceptual	based on ideas rather than on physical things	The design is still at a conceptual stage.
conditional	depending on certain conditions being met	The job offer is conditional on passing a background check.
conduction	the passing of heat or electricity through a material	Metal spoons get hot through the conduction of heat.
cone	a shape that narrows to a point	She scooped ice cream into a crispy waffle cone.
configuration	the way the parts of something are arranged or set up	The configuration of the desks makes the room feel small.
confine	to keep within limits, or restrict	The doctor confined the patient to bed for a week.
confound	to confuse or surprise someone	The strange results confound the experts.
congruent	matching exactly, or in agreement	The two triangles are congruent in shape and size.
connector	a part that joins two things together	The cable needs a small connector at each end.
connotation	an implied meaning beyond the literal one	The word cheap carries a negative connotation.
conscious	awake and aware	The patient remained conscious throughout the entire procedure.
consciousness	the state of being awake and aware	The patient slowly regained consciousness after the surgery.
consensus	general agreement among a group	The committee reached a consensus after hours of debate.
consent	permission for something to happen	The doctor needed the patient's consent before starting treatment.
conservation	protection of nature or resources	The group works on the conservation of endangered forests.
conserve	protect and use carefully to avoid waste	We should conserve water during the summer drought.
consonant	speech sound other than a vowel	The letter 'b' is a consonant, not a vowel.
constitution	basic laws governing a country	The new constitution guarantees freedom of the press.
constrain	to limit or restrict someone or something	A small budget constrained what the team could build.
consultation	a meeting to discuss or get advice	The doctor scheduled a consultation for the following week.
consumption	act of using up resources	Water consumption rises sharply during the summer months.
container	a box or object for holding things	She poured the soup into a plastic container.
continent	one of the earth's large landmasses	Africa is a huge continent with many countries.
continuity	the state of continuing without interruption	The company values continuity in its leadership team.
contour	the outline or shape of a surface	The map shows the contour of the hills.
contradict	to say the opposite of, disagree with	His new statement seemed to contradict what he said yesterday.
contradiction	a statement that opposes another	There was a clear contradiction between his two stories.
contradictory	opposing or inconsistent with something else	The witnesses gave contradictory accounts of the accident.
contrary	opposite in nature or direction	Contrary to the forecast, the weather turned out sunny.
controversy	a public disagreement about something	The new policy sparked controversy among local residents.
converge	to come together at one point	The two roads converge near the old bridge.
convergence	the act of coming together at one point	The convergence of the two rivers forms a wide lake.
coordinate	to organize different parts so they work together	Two teachers coordinate the school trip.
coordination	the organizing of people or actions to work together	Good coordination between the two teams saved time.
cord	thick string, or an electrical cable	The lamp cord is too short for this wall.
coronary	relating to the arteries of the heart	He was treated for coronary disease last spring.
corpus	a collection of texts used for study	Linguists analyzed the corpus of medieval manuscripts.
correction	change that fixes a mistake	The teacher made a small correction to his essay.
correctly	in a right or accurate way	Make sure you spell her name correctly.
correlate	something related to another thing	Income level is a strong correlate of health outcomes.
correlation	a mutual relationship between things	Researchers found a correlation between sleep and memory.
correspondence	communication by exchanging letters or messages	They kept up a regular correspondence for over a decade.
corruption	dishonest or illegal behavior for gain	The new leader promised to fight corruption in government.
cortex	the outer layer of an organ, especially the brain	The outer cortex of the brain controls thinking.
credibility	the quality of being trusted or believed	The scandal damaged the senator's credibility completely.
criteria	standards used to judge or decide something	The scholarship has strict eligibility criteria.
critically	in a way that judges carefully, or severely	The reviewer critically examined every detail of the film.
critique	a careful written or spoken judgement of something	Her critique of the novel was fair and detailed.
crude	rough and simple, or rudely offensive	He made a crude joke that offended several guests.
crystal	a solid piece of a substance with a regular shape	Salt forms small crystals as the water dries.
cue	a signal for someone to do something	The music was the cue for the dancers to start.
cure	treatment that ends an illness	Scientists are still searching for a cure for the disease.
curriculum	subjects taught in a course	The school added coding to its high school curriculum.
cyclic	happening in repeated cycles	Fashion follows a cyclic pattern and old styles return.
cylinder	a shape with straight sides and round flat ends	Water was poured into a tall glass cylinder.
damp	slightly wet or moist	The basement felt cold and damp after the heavy rain.
deadline	time by which something must be done	The deadline for submitting applications is next Friday.
decay	to rot or gradually decline	The abandoned house began to decay after years of neglect.
deceive	to make someone believe something false	He tried to deceive the customers with false claims.
defect	fault that makes something not perfect	The phone had a small defect in the screen.
deficiency	lack or shortage of something needed	The tired patient was diagnosed with an iron deficiency.
definite	clearly certain or decided	We still need a definite answer by tomorrow morning.
deflection	a change of direction after hitting something	The goal came from a lucky deflection off the defender.
degrade	reduce the quality or dignity of	Pollution continues to degrade the local water supply.
deliberately	on purpose, intentionally	She deliberately ignored his calls for the whole week.
delta	flat land where a river splits and meets the sea	The river forms a wide delta before it reaches the sea.
demonstrator	a person who shows how something works, or a protester	A demonstrator showed us how the new machine works.
denominator	the number below the line in a fraction	In the fraction three over four, four is the denominator.
denote	to indicate or signify something	A red flag on the beach denotes dangerous conditions.
dense	closely packed together, thick	The hikers got lost in the dense forest.
dependence	state of needing something or someone	The country wants to reduce its dependence on oil.
depict	show or represent in a picture or words	The mural depicts the history of the small town.
derivative	something developed or made from another thing	The medicine is a derivative of a common plant.
descendent	a person related to someone who lived long ago	He is a descendent of the family that built this house.
descriptor	a word or label that describes something	Each file has a short descriptor that explains its contents.
destination	place someone is traveling to	Paris is a popular destination for tourists in summer.
detection	the act of finding or noticing something	Early detection of the illness saves lives.
developmental	relating to growth or development	The child passed every developmental stage on time.
deviation	a difference from what is normal or expected	Any deviation from the plan must be reported.
diagnose	to say what illness or fault something has	The doctor was able to diagnose the problem quickly.
diagnosis	the identification of an illness or a problem	The doctor gave a clear diagnosis after the tests.
diagnostic	used to find the cause of a problem	The garage ran a diagnostic test on the engine.
diagram	drawing that explains how something works	The diagram shows how the engine parts fit together.
dialect	a form of a language used in one area	Her grandmother speaks an old village dialect.
diameter	distance straight across a circle	The pipe has a diameter of ten centimeters.
diary	a book for recording daily events	She writes in her diary every single night.
dictate	to say words aloud to be written down, or to give orders	The manager dictated a letter to her assistant.
dictionary	a book that explains word meanings	I looked up the word in a dictionary.
differential	a difference in amount, rate, or level	There is a large pay differential between the two jobs.
differentiate	to see or show the difference between things	Babies soon learn to differentiate familiar voices.
differentiation	the act of showing or seeing a difference	Clear differentiation between the two products helped sales.
diffusion	the slow spreading of something through a space	Heat spreads through the metal by diffusion.
dilemma	a difficult choice between two options	He faced a dilemma about which job offer to accept.
dilute	to make a liquid weaker by adding water	Dilute the juice with water before you drink it.
dimensional	relating to measurements such as length, width or height	The software creates three-dimensional images of the building.
dioxide	chemical compound containing two oxygen atoms	Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air.
directive	an official order or instruction	The staff received a directive from head office.
disability	physical or mental condition that limits activity	The building has ramps for people with a disability.
disadvantage	something that causes a problem or difficulty	One disadvantage of living downtown is the noise.
discharge	an official release, or emission of a substance	The nurse prepared the patient's discharge paperwork this morning.
discourse	written or spoken communication on a topic	Public discourse about climate change has grown louder.
discrete	separate and clearly different	The course is divided into six discrete units.
discrimination	unfair treatment based on group membership	The law protects workers from age discrimination.
displacement	the forced moving of people or things from a place	The war caused the displacement of thousands of families.
dissection	the act of cutting apart for study	The dissection revealed how the organs were connected.
dissertation	a long piece of writing for a university degree	She is writing her dissertation on ancient coins.
dissolve	mix completely into a liquid	Sugar will dissolve quickly in hot water.
distribution	act of giving something out or spreading it	The company controls the distribution of its products.
disturbance	interruption of peace or normal order	Police were called to a disturbance in the street.
diverse	showing great variety, very different	The city has a diverse population from many countries.
domain	an area of activity, knowledge or control	Space travel was once the domain of a few countries.
dominance	power or control over others	The team kept its dominance in the league for years.
dominant	most powerful, influential, or common	English remains the dominant language in global business.
domination	control or power over others	The empire sought domination over the entire region.
donor	a person who gives money, blood or an organ	A blood donor can save several lives.
dose	a measured amount of medicine	The doctor prescribed a small dose of antibiotics.
drain	a pipe that carries away waste liquid	Hair clogged the drain in the bathroom sink.
drift	to move slowly with the wind or water	The empty boat drifted slowly down the river.
duration	the length of time something lasts	The flight's duration was almost eleven hours.
dye	a substance used to change color	She used a natural dye to color the fabric.
dynamic	energetic, constantly changing or active	She has a dynamic personality that energizes the whole team.
ecological	relating to the environment and living things	The oil spill caused serious ecological damage.
ecology	study of living things and their environment	She is studying ecology at the university.
economically	in a way that relates to money, or without waste	The town grew economically after the port opened.
economist	an expert in economics	The economist predicted a slow recovery next year.
effectiveness	the quality of producing intended results	Studies confirmed the effectiveness of the new vaccine.
elaborate	very detailed and complicated	They planned an elaborate wedding with hundreds of guests.
elastic	stretchy material used in clothing	The waistband uses elastic to stay comfortably in place.
elasticity	ability to stretch and recover shape	The rubber band lost its elasticity over time.
electron	tiny particle with a negative electric charge	An electron carries a negative electric charge.
elementary	basic, at an early level	She teaches at an elementary school.
elevate	to raise to a higher position	The surgeon told him to elevate his injured leg.
elevation	height above sea level	The town sits at an elevation of two thousand meters.
elimination	the removal of something or someone completely	The team lost and faced elimination from the tournament.
elite	the most powerful or talented group	Only the elite could afford tickets to the gala.
embed	fix firmly into a surrounding mass	The reporter was embedded with troops during the war.
emergence	the process of coming into existence	The emergence of new technology changed the industry quickly.
emission	the sending out of gas, light or heat	The new law limits the emission of harmful gases.
emit	to send out light, heat, gas or sound	The old lamp emits a soft yellow light.
emperor	male ruler of an empire	The emperor ruled over a vast territory for decades.
empirical	based on observation and experiment, not on theory	The claim needs empirical evidence from real tests.
encode	to change information into a coded form	The system encodes your password before saving it.
enforcement	the act of making people obey a rule or law	Stricter enforcement of speed limits reduced accidents.
enormously	to a very great extent	The new policy enormously improved public transport reliability.
entity	a thing that exists on its own	The school is a separate legal entity from the church.
entrant	a person who enters a competition or exam	Every entrant in the race received a number.
enzyme	a substance in the body that speeds up chemical change	An enzyme in your stomach helps break down food.
epidemic	a disease that spreads quickly to many people	The city closed its schools during the flu epidemic.
epidemiology	the study of how diseases spread among people	She studies epidemiology and tracks how diseases spread.
equality	state of being equal in rights or status	The movement fights for equality between all citizens.
equilibrium	a state of balance	The economy slowly returned to equilibrium after the crisis.
equivalence	the state of being equal in value or meaning	The teacher explained the equivalence between the two formulas.
erase	to remove writing or information completely	He tried to erase the pencil marks from the page.
essence	most basic and important quality of something	Kindness is the essence of true friendship.
essentially	fundamentally, in basic terms	Essentially, the two proposals aim to achieve the same goal.
estimation	a rough calculation or judgment	In my estimation, the project will take another month.
ethical	relating to moral right and wrong	The company faced questions about its ethical business practices.
ethics	rules about right and wrong behaviour	The class studies the ethics of medical research.
evident	clearly seen or understood, obvious	It was evident from her smile that she was happy.
evolutionary	relating to the gradual development of living things	Birds developed wings through a long evolutionary process.
ex	a former husband, wife or partner	She still talks to her ex about their old friends.
execute	to carry out a plan	The team worked hard to execute the plan flawlessly.
execution	the carrying out of a plan	The execution of the project took several months longer.
exit	way out of a building or vehicle	The nearest exit is at the back of the theater.
expertise	special skill or knowledge in a subject	We need someone with expertise in tax law.
explicit	stated clearly and leaving no doubt	She gave explicit instructions about the deadline.
explicitly	in a clear and direct way	The contract explicitly forbids sharing the files.
exploit	to use unfairly for one's benefit	Some companies exploit workers by paying very low wages.
exponential	growing faster and faster over time	The city saw exponential growth in its population.
fabric	cloth made from woven material	She chose a soft cotton fabric for the new curtains.
facet	one part or side of something	We discussed every facet of the problem.
facilitate	to make an action easier	New software can facilitate communication between remote teams.
factorial	the result of multiplying a number by every whole number below it	The factorial of four is twenty four.
faculty	mental ability, or university department	The medical faculty accepted only a small number of students.
fatigue	extreme physical or mental tiredness	After the double shift, deep fatigue set in immediately.
feedback	opinions given about performance	The teacher gave detailed feedback on every student's essay.
fertility	the ability to produce crops or young	Farmers add compost to improve the fertility of the soil.
fetal	relating to an unborn baby	The doctor checked the fetal heartbeat.
fever	a body temperature higher than normal	The child has a fever today.
fiber	thread-like strand, or dietary substance	Whole grains contain plenty of fiber that aids digestion.
fin	a thin flat part a fish uses to swim	The fish moved its tail fin slowly.
finite	having a limit or an end	The world has a finite supply of clean water.
flesh	soft substance of a body	The wound went deep enough to expose the flesh beneath.
flexibility	ability to bend or adapt easily	Yoga can greatly improve your flexibility over time.
flip	to turn over quickly	He decided to flip the pancake before it burned.
fluid	able to flow smoothly, changeable	The situation remains fluid, so plans might change quickly.
flux	continuous change or flow	The market is in a state of flux this month.
footnote	note printed at the bottom of a page	The author added a footnote explaining the unfamiliar term.
formally	in an official or proper way	The mayor formally opened the new library yesterday.
formulation	the careful creation of a plan, rule or product	The formulation of the new plan took several months.
forum	a place or website for public discussion	She asked her question in an online forum.
fossil	preserved remains of an ancient organism	They discovered a dinosaur fossil buried in the cliff.
fraction	a small part of a whole	Only a fraction of the students passed the exam.
fracture	a break or crack, especially in a bone	The x-ray showed a small fracture in her wrist.
freely	without restriction or limit	Citizens can freely express their opinions in public.
friction	the force that slows things rubbing together	Friction between the tires and the road slows the car.
fringe	the outer edge of an area or a group	They live on the fringe of the city, near the fields.
fundamentally	in a basic and very important way	The two plans are fundamentally different.
fungus	a living thing like a mushroom or mould	A white fungus was growing on the damp wall.
fusion	the joining of different things into one	The band's music is a fusion of jazz and rock.
gauge	to judge or measure something roughly	It was hard to gauge how the crowd felt.
generalization	broad statement based on limited facts	It's an unfair generalization to say all teenagers are lazy.
generalize	to make a broad statement from examples	It's risky to generalize about a whole country from one visit.
genetically	in a way relating to genes	The two brothers are genetically almost identical.
genetics	science of heredity and genes	She is studying genetics at university this year.
ghost	the spirit of a dead person	The children were scared of the ghost story.
globalization	the growth of trade and culture across the world	Globalization has made many goods cheaper around the world.
goat	horned farm animal related to sheep	The farmer keeps a goat and several chickens in the yard.
goodness	expression of surprise	Goodness, I did not realize it was so late already.
goods	items bought and sold	The truck delivered goods to the store every morning.
gradient	how steep a slope is	The road has a steep gradient near the top.
gram	a small unit of weight	The recipe calls for two hundred grams of flour.
grammatical	relating to grammar, or correct in grammar	The sentence has one small grammatical mistake.
graph	diagram showing relationships between numbers	The graph shows how sales increased over five years.
grasp	firm hold, or good understanding	She has a solid grasp of basic economics already.
gravity	the force that pulls objects toward the earth	Gravity pulls the apple down to the ground.
grid	a pattern of lines that cross to make squares	The city streets form a neat grid.
gross	very unpleasant, or total (before deductions)	The restaurant's gross annual income exceeded two million dollars.
gut	the tube in the body that digests food	Too much sugar can upset your gut.
habitat	natural home of a plant or animal	The forest is the natural habitat of many rare animals.
halfway	at or to the middle point of a distance or a time	We stopped for coffee halfway to the airport.
handout	printed sheet given to a group	The teacher gave every student a handout before the lecture.
harvest	the gathering of crops when ripe	Farmers celebrate a good harvest every autumn.
hawk	a bird of prey with sharp eyes and claws	A hawk circled high above the empty field.
headquarter	to have a company main office in a place	The bank is headquartered in a small town.
hedge	row of bushes forming a boundary	A tall hedge separated the two neighboring gardens.
helix	a shape like a spiral or a twisted spring	The staircase curved upward in a perfect helix.
hepatitis	a disease that causes swelling of the liver	The vaccine protects children against hepatitis.
herbicide	a chemical used to kill unwanted plants	The farmer sprayed herbicide to kill the weeds.
hierarchy	a system in which people are ranked above one another	In the army, everyone knows their place in the hierarchy.
hip	part of the body between waist and thigh	She rested her hand on her hip while she talked.
historically	in the past, or in terms of history	Historically, this town was a small fishing port.
homework	school work done at home	I finished my homework before dinner.
horizon	line where the sky meets the land	The sun slowly disappeared below the horizon.
horizontal	flat and going from side to side	Draw a horizontal line across the page.
hormone	a chemical in the body that controls how it works	This hormone helps the body control sugar levels.
hydrogen	the lightest gas, found in water	Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.
identical	exactly the same in every detail	The twins wore identical outfits to the school party.
identification	official proof of who someone is	You must show identification before entering the government building.
ideology	a set of political or social beliefs	The party built its campaign around a strict ideology.
illusion	something that seems real but is not	The mirror creates the illusion of a larger room.
immune	protected against an illness	Vaccines help the body become immune to the disease.
impact	a strong effect or influence	The new law had a big impact on farmers.
implicit	suggested but not stated directly	There was an implicit warning in his quiet voice.
importantly	in a way that matters most	More importantly, remember to lock the door.
impulse	a sudden strong urge to act	She bought the dress on a sudden impulse.
incidence	how often something happens in a group	The incidence of flu rises every winter.
incline	a slope going up or down	The path has a steep incline near the top.
inclusion	the act of including someone or something	The school promotes the inclusion of children with disabilities.
incredible	impossible or hard to believe	The view from the mountain top was simply incredible.
incredibly	to an extreme or surprising degree	The exam was incredibly difficult for most of the students.
incumbent	the current holder of an office	The incumbent easily won reelection in November.
independently	without help or influence from others	The two scientists reached the same result independently.
indicator	a sign that shows what something is like	Sales are a good indicator of customer interest.
indifference	a lack of interest or concern	Her indifference to the news surprised us all.
indigenous	belonging naturally to a place	These trees are indigenous to the island.
indirect	not going straight to the point	The flight took an indirect route because of the storm.
individually	one at a time, separately	The teacher spoke to each child individually.
induce	bring about or cause, or persuade	The medication is designed to induce deep sleep.
induction	a formal introduction into a role	New employees attend an induction on their first day.
industrialization	the growth of factories and industry in a country	Industrialization changed the country in fifty years.
industrialize	to develop industry widely in a country	The country worked hard to industrialize after the war.
inequality	an unfair difference between groups of people	The report shows growing inequality between rich and poor.
inevitably	in a way that cannot be avoided	Prices inevitably rise when fuel becomes expensive.
infect	to pass a disease or germ to something	The virus can infect people through close physical contact.
infectious	able to spread easily to others	Her infectious laughter made everyone in the room smile.
inference	a conclusion reached from evidence or reasoning	The detective made an inference based on the muddy footprints.
inferior	lower in quality or rank	The cheap tools were clearly inferior to the old ones.
infinite	having no end or limit	The night sky seemed infinite above the desert.
infinity	a space or number without any end	The two lines seem to stretch to infinity.
influential	having great power to affect people or events	She became one of the most influential leaders of her generation.
informal	casual, not following strict rules or ceremony	The meeting had an informal atmosphere with no strict agenda.
inhibit	to slow or prevent something from happening	Cold weather inhibits the growth of these plants.
inhibition	a feeling that stops you acting freely, or the slowing of a process	After a while she lost her inhibition and started to dance.
initiate	to start something or make it begin	The company initiated a new training program.
initiation	the act of starting something	The initiation of the project was delayed by heavy rain.
inject	to put a liquid into something with a needle	The nurse injected the medicine into his arm.
injection	a shot of liquid put into the body	The nurse gave the patient a quick flu injection.
innate	existing naturally from birth, not learned	Curiosity seems to be an innate trait in young children.
insect	a small animal with six legs	A tiny insect landed on my arm.
insert	to put something inside something else	Insert your card into the machine.
instability	the state of being likely to change or fail	Political instability kept tourists away.
instinct	a natural tendency to act without thinking	Her first instinct was to run toward the exit.
integral	necessary to make something complete	Trust is integral to any successful long term relationship.
integration	combining parts into a unified whole	The merger required careful integration of both companies' systems.
intensity	the strength or force of something	The intensity of the storm surprised everyone.
intensive	thorough and concentrated in a short time	She took an intensive course to learn Spanish quickly.
interact	to communicate or react with each other	Children learn a lot when they interact with animals.
interestingly	in a way that is surprising or worth noticing	Interestingly, the two letters were written on the same day.
interface	the part of a system where a user or two parts meet	The app has a simple interface that anyone can use.
interfere	to get involved in something without invitation	Please do not interfere with the children's private argument.
intermediate	between beginner and advanced level	She joined the intermediate class after finishing the basics.
interrupt	to stop someone speaking or something happening	Please don't interrupt me while I'm on the phone.
interval	period of time between two events	There is a short interval between the two lessons.
intervene	to get involved in order to change a situation	A teacher intervened before the argument got worse.
interviewer	a person who asks the questions	The interviewer asked many difficult questions.
invade	to attack and enter a country	The army planned to invade the neighboring country.
invasion	act of entering by force to attack	The invasion of the country shocked the whole world.
inversion	the act of turning something the opposite way	The question uses an inversion of the normal word order.
invert	to turn something upside down	Invert the cup and let the water run out.
ion	an atom that carries an electric charge	Salt breaks into ions when it dissolves in water.
irrelevant	not connected with the subject	That detail is irrelevant to our decision.
irrigation	supplying water to land for growing crops	The farm uses irrigation to water its dry fields.
jazz	style of music with strong rhythm	He plays the saxophone in a jazz band.
junior	lower in rank or younger	She just started as a junior manager at work.
justification	a good reason for doing or believing something	There was no justification for such rude behavior.
kidney	an organ that cleans the blood and makes urine	The doctor said his left kidney was healthy.
kilometer	a unit of distance, 1000 meters	The stadium is about one kilometer from here.
lab	room for scientific work, short for laboratory	The students tested the sample in the lab.
lateral	relating to the side of something	The plant sends out lateral roots near the surface.
layout	the way parts are arranged on a page or in a space	I like the layout of this magazine page.
leaf	a flat green part of a plant	A green leaf fell from the tree.
lecturer	a person who teaches at a university	The lecturer explained the theory using a simple diagram.
legend	an old traditional story, or a famous person	According to legend, a dragon once guarded this cave.
legitimate	allowed by law, or reasonable and fair	She had a legitimate reason for missing the meeting.
leisure	free time for relaxing or fun	Reading is her favorite leisure activity.
lever	a bar used to lift or move something	He used a metal lever to lift the heavy stone.
lexical	relating to the words of a language	The book explains lexical choices in modern poetry.
liable	legally responsible, or likely to do something	The driver is liable for the damage to the fence.
lifestyle	the way a person lives	Eating well is part of a healthy lifestyle.
lifetime	the whole length of a person's life	He collected stamps throughout his entire lifetime.
likelihood	the chance that something will happen	There is a strong likelihood of rain this weekend.
likewise	in the same way, also	He bowed politely, and she did likewise.
limb	an arm, leg, or large tree branch	She broke a limb after falling from the tree.
linear	arranged in a straight line or sequence	The story follows a simple linear timeline.
linguistic	relating to language or to its study	The country has great linguistic variety.
linguistics	the scientific study of language	She studies linguistics at the university.
liter	a unit for measuring liquid	Please buy a liter of milk from the shop.
liver	organ that cleans the blood	Alcohol can damage the liver over time.
locally	in or near the area where you are	The vegetables in this shop are grown locally.
locus	the exact place where something happens	The old city was the locus of the whole protest.
logical	following clear and sensible reasoning	That seems like the most logical solution.
longitudinal	following the same people over a long time	The longitudinal study followed the children for ten years.
loop	a shape or path that curves back to where it started	The road makes a wide loop around the lake.
lump	a small solid piece of something	He put a lump of sugar in his tea.
lung	organ used for breathing	Smoking can seriously damage your lungs.
machinery	machines as a group, especially large ones	The farm bought new machinery this year.
magnetic	having the pull of a magnet; strongly attractive	The singer has a magnetic presence on stage.
magnitude	the great size or importance of something	Nobody understood the magnitude of the problem at first.
mall	a large building with many shops	We spent the afternoon shopping at the mall.
manipulate	to control or influence something cleverly	He tried to manipulate the results to favor his team.
manipulation	unfair or skillful control of someone	The report accused the firm of market manipulation.
manual	done by hand rather than machine	The factory still relies heavily on manual labor.
manuscript	a handwritten or unpublished book or document	The library keeps a manuscript from the tenth century.
marble	hard stone used for building, a small glass ball toy	The floor of the palace was made of white marble.
marginal	minor or small in importance	The new update brought only marginal improvements in speed.
marker	a thick pen, or a sign that shows a position	She wrote the title with a black marker.
marrow	the soft tissue inside bones	Bone marrow makes new blood cells every day.
maternal	relating to a mother; motherly	She felt a strong maternal instinct toward the orphaned kitten.
mathematical	relating to mathematics	She solved the problem using a simple mathematical formula.
matrix	a grid of numbers arranged in rows and columns	The students learned to add numbers in a matrix.
maximize	to make something as large as possible	We changed the desks to maximize space.
meaningful	having purpose, importance, or value	They had a meaningful conversation about their future plans.
mechanic	person who repairs machines, especially vehicles	The mechanic fixed the car's engine in an hour.
mechanical	relating to machines or moved by machinery	The clock has an old mechanical movement inside.
media	newspapers, television, and internet news outlets	The story was covered widely by the media.
mediate	help resolve a dispute between parties	A neutral lawyer agreed to mediate the divorce settlement.
membrane	a thin layer of tissue or material	A thin membrane covers the surface of the egg.
memorize	to learn something so it can be recalled exactly	Students had to memorize the poem for class.
mentor	an experienced person who guides someone	Her mentor gave her advice throughout her career.
mercury	a heavy silver liquid metal	The old thermometer was filled with mercury.
merge	to combine or join together	The two companies decided to merge into one.
messenger	a person who carries messages	A messenger delivered the letter to the king.
metabolism	the way the body turns food into energy	Regular exercise can speed up your metabolism.
metaphor	a figure of speech comparing two things	The poet used a metaphor to describe her sadness.
methodology	a system of methods used in a field	The paper describes the methodology in detail.
micro	a very small unit prefix, one millionth	The prefix micro means one millionth of a unit.
mid	in the middle part of a period or a place	The report is due in mid March.
migrate	to move from one place or country to another	Many birds migrate south before winter.
migration	movement of people or animals to a new place	Scientists tracked the birds' migration across the continent.
millimeter	a unit of length, one thousandth of a meter	The screw is only three millimeters wide.
mineral	natural solid substance found in the earth	This water contains many healthy minerals.
minimal	very small in amount or degree	The repair caused minimal damage to the wall.
minimize	to reduce something to the smallest amount possible	We should minimize waste to help the environment.
minus	reduced by, used to subtract a number	Ten minus three equals seven.
missile	a weapon that is fired at a target	The military tested a new missile in the desert.
mobility	the ability to move freely	The injury limited her mobility for several weeks.
modification	a change or alteration made to something	The engineer suggested a small modification to the design.
mole	a small furry animal that digs underground	A mole dug a long tunnel under the lawn.
molecular	relating to molecules	The lab studies the molecular structure of water.
molecule	smallest unit of a chemical substance	Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen molecules.
momentum	the force that keeps something moving or growing	The campaign gained momentum after the TV interview.
monetary	relating to money or currency	The bank announced a change in monetary policy.
monkey	a hairy animal that climbs trees	A small monkey climbed up the tree.
monopoly	complete control of a market by one company	One company had a monopoly on train tickets.
morality	principles of right and wrong behavior	The novel raises questions about morality and justice.
morphological	relating to the form and structure of something	The two plants show morphological differences in their leaves.
morphology	the study of the form and structure of things	The class studies the morphology of English words.
mortality	the number of deaths in a group, or the fact of dying	Better hospitals lowered child mortality in the region.
motif	a pattern or idea that repeats in art or music	A flower motif repeats across the whole carpet.
motive	reason for doing something, often a crime	Police could not find a motive for the robbery.
multinational	operating in several countries	She works for a multinational company with offices in Asia.
multiply	to increase greatly, or times a number	Students learn to multiply numbers in third grade.
mutation	a change in the genes of a living thing	A small mutation in the gene changed the flower's color.
myth	traditional story, a widely believed but false idea	The ancient myth explains how the world began.
naked	not wearing any clothes	The baby laughed while naked in the bath.
namely	used to say exactly who or what you mean	Only one student passed, namely Ali.
nasty	very unpleasant or unkind	He said something nasty and hurt her feelings.
nationalism	great love and pride for your own country	The speech was full of strong nationalism.
neat	tidy and orderly, or clever	Her desk was always neat and perfectly organized.
necessity	something that is essential or required	Clean water is a basic necessity for survival.
nest	a place where a bird lays its eggs	Two birds built a nest in the old tree.
neural	relating to the nerves or the brain	The brain sends messages along neural paths.
neuron	a cell that carries messages in the brain	Each neuron sends signals to the next one.
neutral	not supporting either side	Switzerland remained neutral during much of the war.
nicely	in a pleasant or polite way	She asked nicely if she could borrow the book.
niche	a specialized position or market segment	The startup found a profitable niche in eco-friendly packaging.
nitrogen	a gas that makes up most of the air	Most of the air we breathe is nitrogen.
noble	having high moral qualities, or of high rank	He made a noble effort to help the wounded stranger.
node	a point where lines or parts meet	Each node in the network sends data to the next one.
noisy	making a lot of loud sound	The street outside our hotel was very noisy.
nominal	very small, or existing only in name	He pays a nominal rent of one dollar a year.
nonetheless	despite that; nevertheless	The trip was expensive; nonetheless, they enjoyed it.
nonlinear	not following a straight or simple order	The film tells its story in a nonlinear way.
norm	what is usual or expected in a group	Working from home has become the norm here.
notation	a system of signs used to write something down	Musicians read the piece from standard notation.
novice	a person who is new at something	As a novice, he still needs help with the machine.
nucleus	central part of a cell or atom	The nucleus of the cell contains its genetic material.
null	having no value or effect	The contract became null after the deadline passed.
numerical	relating to or expressed as numbers	The results are listed in numerical order from lowest to highest.
nutrient	substance that provides nourishment	Leafy greens contain many nutrients the body needs.
objection	expression of disapproval	The lawyer raised an objection during the trial.
obscure	to make unclear or hide from view	Thick fog obscured the view of the mountains.
observer	a person who watches without taking part	An international observer monitored the election closely.
obtain	get or acquire something	You must obtain a visa before traveling abroad.
occupation	a person's job or profession	Please state your name and occupation here.
occurrence	something that happens, an event	Snow in April is a rare occurrence here.
offspring	a person's child or an animal's young	Wolves fiercely protect their offspring from predators.
onset	the beginning of something, often something bad	He took the medicine at the onset of the illness.
onwards	continuing forward in time or space	From next Monday onwards, the shop opens earlier.
optical	relating to light or to seeing	The microscope uses a set of optical lenses.
optimal	the best possible	Morning is the optimal time for her to study.
optimum	the best or most favorable	The plant grows best at the optimum temperature.
oral	a spoken exam or test	She was nervous before her French oral began.
organ	body part with a function, or musical instrument	The heart is the organ that pumps blood.
organism	a single living plant or animal	A tiny organism can be seen under the microscope.
orient	to find your position or direction	The guide helped us orient ourselves with a map.
orientation	a meeting that introduces people to a new place	New employees attend an orientation on Monday.
oscillation	a regular movement back and forth	The oscillation of the pendulum kept a steady beat.
outer	on the outside; farther out	The outer layer of the cake was chocolate.
outlet	a socket for electricity, or a way to release energy	She plugged the lamp into the wall outlet.
overhead	the regular costs of running a business	The company cut overhead by moving to a smaller office.
overlap	a part shared by two things	There is some overlap between the two job roles.
overview	a short general description of something	The manager gave a quick overview of the project.
oxidize	to combine with oxygen, often causing rust	Iron will oxidize and turn red if it stays wet.
oxygen	gas needed for breathing	Plants release oxygen into the air during the day.
painful	causing physical or emotional pain	Losing the match was painful for the whole team.
par	an equal level or normal standard	Her work is on a par with the best in the class.
paradigm	a typical model or way of thinking	The discovery created a new paradigm in physics.
paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but may be true	It is a paradox that fighting for peace often involves war.
parameter	a factor that defines the limits of something	The engineers adjusted several parameters in the model.
parcel	a wrapped package sent by mail	A heavy parcel arrived for her this afternoon.
pardon	used to politely ask someone to repeat	Pardon, could you repeat that, please?
parental	relating to a parent or parents	The film requires parental guidance for young viewers.
parenthesis	one of the curved marks used to add extra information	Put the date inside a parenthesis at the end of the line.
partial	not complete; only in part	The insurance only covered a partial refund of costs.
partially	only in part, not completely	The road is partially closed for repairs.
particle	a very small piece of matter	A single dust particle floated through the beam of light.
partition	a wall or screen that divides a space	A glass partition divides the two offices.
pathway	a path, or a route toward a goal	A narrow pathway led through the garden to the gate.
peasant	a poor farmer or farm laborer	Medieval peasants worked the lord's land for survival.
periodic	happening at regular times	The machine needs periodic checks every six months.
peripheral	not central or not very important	That question is peripheral to our main topic.
pest	an insect or animal that damages crops	This insect is a serious pest in rice fields.
pesticide	a chemical used to kill insects and pests	The farmer sprayed pesticide on the young plants.
phenomenal	extraordinary, remarkable	The young pianist gave a phenomenal performance last night.
philosopher	person who studies fundamental truths	The ancient Greek philosopher taught many famous students.
philosophical	relating to philosophy or calm acceptance of difficulty	He took a philosophical approach to failure, learning from every mistake.
phonological	relating to the sound system of a language	The two dialects show phonological differences in their vowels.
phosphate	a chemical salt used in fertilizer and living cells	The fertilizer contains phosphate for stronger roots.
photographic	relating to photographs or photography	The book has a photographic record of the war.
physically	in a way related to the body	She felt physically tired after the long hike.
physician	medical doctor	The physician recommended more rest and plenty of fluids.
physics	science of matter and energy	She struggled with physics during her first year.
physiological	relating to the body's normal functions	Stress causes measurable physiological changes in the body.
pi	mathematical constant, about 3.14159	Students learned to calculate a circle's area using pi.
planner	a notebook for plans, or a person who plans	She writes every meeting in her planner.
plantation	a large farm growing one main crop	His family owned a tea plantation in the hills.
plausible	seeming reasonable or believable	Her explanation for the delay sounded perfectly plausible.
plug	device that connects to an electrical socket	He pushed the plug firmly into the wall socket.
plural	more than one, a grammar form	Add an s to make the noun plural.
polar	relating to the areas near the North or South Pole	Polar bears live on the ice in the far north.
pole	long straight stick, or Earth's axis end	He used a long pole to knock down the apples.
politically	in a way related to politics or government	The country remains politically divided over the new law.
portfolio	a collection of work that shows your skills	The designer showed her portfolio at the interview.
portray	to depict or represent in a certain way	The film portrays the president as a reluctant hero.
portrayal	a depiction of someone or something	Critics praised her portrayal of the grieving mother.
positively	in a hopeful or definite way	The staff responded positively to the new schedule.
poster	a large printed picture or notice	There is a poster of the band on his wall.
postgraduate	relating to study after a first degree	She began postgraduate study after her first degree.
potassium	a soft metal element that the body needs	Bananas contain a lot of potassium.
powder	dry substance of fine particles	She sprinkled powder sugar over the fresh pancakes.
practitioner	a person actively practicing a profession	The clinic employs several experienced medical practitioners.
pragmatic	dealing with things in a practical way	She took a pragmatic approach and fixed the cheapest problem first.
precede	come before something in time or order	A brief introduction will precede the main presentation.
precipitate	to make something happen suddenly	The bad news precipitated a sharp fall in prices.
precipitation	rain, snow, or hail that falls from the sky	Yearly precipitation in the desert is very low.
predator	an animal that hunts and eats other animals	The lion is a powerful predator on the plains.
prediction	a statement about the future	His prediction about the match turned out to be correct.
predominantly	mostly or mainly	The village is predominantly farmland.
prejudice	unfair opinion formed without reason	The novel explores racial prejudice in the 1930s.
preliminary	coming before the main part, introductory	The preliminary results suggested the new drug was effective.
presume	to think something is true without proof	I presume you have already eaten.
prevalence	how common or widespread something is	Doctors are worried about the prevalence of diabetes.
prey	an animal hunted by another animal for food	The eagle carried its prey back to the nest.
primer	a first coat of paint, or a basic book on a subject	Paint the wall with primer before the first color.
primitive	simple; from an early stage	The tribe used primitive tools made of stone.
probe	thorough investigation, or a device for exploring	The space probe sent back images of the distant planet.
problematic	causing difficulty or problems	The new rule is problematic for small shops.
processor	the part of a computer that does the work	The new laptop has a faster processor.
productive	producing a lot; efficient	The meeting was short but very productive today.
productivity	the amount of work done in a period of time	The new software increased productivity in the office.
profound	very deep, intense, or insightful	The book had a profound effect on my thinking.
progression	the process of moving forward step by step	The doctor watched the progression of the illness.
progressive	developing gradually, or favoring reform	The school follows a progressive teaching method.
projection	an estimate of future amounts, or an image cast on a surface	Sales projections for next year look much stronger than expected.
prominent	important and well known	A prominent scientist spoke at the conference yesterday.
pronounce	to say a word's sounds correctly	It is hard to pronounce her name correctly.
proposition	a statement or proposal put forward for consideration	The board rejected the merger as a poor proposition.
protocol	an official set of rules for doing something	The hospital follows a strict protocol for visitors.
proton	a part of an atom with a positive charge	A proton carries a positive charge.
psychiatric	relating to mental illness treatment	She was admitted to a psychiatric hospital for treatment.
psychologist	an expert in how the mind works	She visits a psychologist every week to talk.
psychology	scientific study of the mind and behavior	She studied psychology to better understand human behavior.
publish	to print and release a book	The author will publish her next novel this year.
pulse	regular beating of blood through the body	The nurse checked his pulse before taking his temperature.
punch	hit with a closed fist, or a fruit drink	He threw a quick punch that knocked out his opponent.
punish	make someone suffer for an offense	The teacher decided to punish the students for cheating.
punishment	a penalty for doing something wrong	The judge gave him a harsh punishment for the crime.
purely	only, and for no other reason	We met purely by chance at the station.
puzzle	a game or problem to solve	The children spent hours solving the jigsaw puzzle.
qualitative	relating to quality rather than quantity	The study used qualitative interviews rather than surveys.
quantitative	based on numbers and amounts	The report includes quantitative data on sales.
quantum	the smallest possible amount of energy	A quantum is the smallest amount of energy a particle can carry.
questionnaire	a set of written questions for research	Please fill out this short questionnaire about our service.
quiz	a short test of knowledge	We took a quiz on English grammar this morning.
quotation	words repeated from another source	She opened her essay with a famous quotation from Einstein.
rack	framework for holding or storing things	He hung his towel on the rack by the shower.
radar	system using radio waves to detect objects	The pilot watched the radar for signs of the storm.
radiation	energy given off as particles or waves	Workers wore suits to protect against radiation.
radius	the distance from the center of a circle to its edge	The radius of this circle is five centimeters.
rainfall	the amount of rain that falls	The region gets heavy rainfall in the summer months.
randomize	to put things in no fixed order	The app randomizes the questions for each student.
randomly	without any plan or pattern	The winners were chosen randomly from the list.
rational	based on reason, sensible	We need a rational explanation for these strange results.
rationality	the quality of being based on clear reason	He questioned the rationality of the sudden decision.
ray	a thin beam of light	A ray of sunlight came through the window.
reactive	quick to react to something	This metal is highly reactive with water.
reactor	a machine that produces nuclear energy	The nuclear reactor was shut down for repairs.
readily	willingly and without hesitation, or easily	He readily agreed to help with the fundraiser.
realism	depicting things as they truly are	The novel is admired for its gritty realism.
realistic	seeing things as they really are	You need to be realistic about your chances of winning.
realm	an area of activity or thought, or a kingdom	That idea belongs to the realm of science fiction.
receptor	a part of a cell that receives signals	A receptor on the cell catches the hormone.
recipe	set of instructions for cooking a dish	My grandmother gave me her secret recipe for apple pie.
reconstruct	to build something again, or to work out how it happened	Workers reconstructed the bridge after the flood.
regime	a system of government or organized routine	The new regime introduced strict laws for all citizens.
regression	a return to an earlier or worse state	The illness caused a regression in his speech.
rehabilitation	the process of returning to health or to normal life	After the accident he needed months of rehabilitation.
reinforce	make something stronger or more solid	Steel bars reinforce the concrete walls of the building.
rejection	the act of refusing or turning down	She received a rejection letter from the university.
reliability	the quality of being able to be trusted	Customers praised the reliability of the old model.
render	to cause something to become a certain state	The injury rendered him unable to walk for weeks.
repertoire	the range of pieces a performer knows	The pianist has a huge repertoire of classical pieces.
replacement	a person or thing that takes another's place	We need to find a replacement for our injured player.
replicate	to copy or repeat something exactly	Other scientists could not replicate the experiment.
replication	an exact copy or repeat of something	The replication of the study gave the same result.
reproduce	produce offspring, or copy something exactly	Rabbits reproduce much faster than most other mammals.
reproduction	the process of producing young, or a copy of something	The class learned about plant reproduction.
republic	a country led by elected representatives	France became a republic after the revolution.
resemble	look or seem like something else	The twins resemble each other so closely people mix them up.
reservoir	a lake used for storing water	The city gets its water from a large reservoir.
residual	remaining after most of something has gone	There is still some residual damage from the flood.
residue	a small quantity remaining after the main part is used	A sticky residue was left on the counter after cleaning.
resistant	not harmed or affected by something	This paint is resistant to water and heat.
respiratory	relating to the act of breathing	Smoking can cause serious respiratory problems over time.
retrieve	get or bring back something from somewhere	The dog ran to retrieve the ball from the lake.
revolutionary	involving a great, radical change	The new vaccine was a revolutionary breakthrough in medicine.
rewrite	write something again in a different way	The editor asked her to rewrite the whole chapter.
rhetoric	persuasive language, often lacking real substance	Voters grew tired of empty political rhetoric.
rhythm	a regular pattern of sound	The dancers moved perfectly with the rhythm of the song.
ridiculous	very silly or unreasonable	It's ridiculous to expect us to finish this today.
ritual	a series of actions performed regularly	Brushing her teeth every night became a comforting ritual.
robot	a machine that can do tasks automatically	The factory uses a robot to assemble car parts.
rope	a thick strong cord	He tied the boat to the dock with a rope.
rotate	to turn around a fixed point	The earth rotates once every twenty four hours.
rotation	the act of turning around a central point	The rotation of the earth gives us day and night.
rub	move something back and forth against a surface	She began to rub the lotion gently into her hands.
ruler	a tool for measuring, or a leader	I used a ruler to draw a straight line.
scatter	throw or spread things in different directions	The wind scattered the leaves across the yard.
scenario	a description of a possible sequence of events	The team prepared for the worst case scenario.
scholarship	money awarded to support a student's studies	She won a scholarship to study medicine abroad.
scripture	the holy writings of a religion	The priest read a short passage from scripture.
scroll	a roll of paper or parchment with writing	The museum displayed an ancient scroll behind thick glass.
secrete	to produce and release a liquid from the body	The gland secretes a clear liquid.
sediment	solid material that sinks to the bottom of a liquid	Sediment settled at the bottom of the bottle.
selective	careful about choosing only certain things	The school is very selective about new students.
semantic	relating to the meaning of words	The two words have a small semantic difference.
semester	half of a school year	The new semester begins in early September.
semi	a large truck with a separate trailer	A semi loaded with fruit blocked the narrow road.
seminar	a class or meeting for discussion or training	She attended a seminar on effective time management skills.
sensation	a physical feeling, or great excitement	She felt a strange sensation in her fingers.
sensible	showing good, practical judgment	It would be sensible to save some money each month.
sensitivity	the ability to detect or react to small changes	The test has high sensitivity and finds small changes.
sensory	relating to the senses like sight and touch	The test measures sensory reactions to light and sound.
separately	apart from each other, not together	Please wrap each gift separately before putting them away.
separation	the act of being kept apart	The separation from her family was very difficult.
sexuality	a person's sexual feelings or identity	The book discusses gender and sexuality.
shallow	not very deep	Children can safely swim in the shallow end of the pool.
shortly	soon, in a short time	The train will arrive shortly, so please wait here.
shuttle	a bus or train that travels back and forth	A free shuttle takes guests to the airport.
similarity	a way in which things are alike	There is a strong similarity between the two paintings.
simplify	make something easier to understand or do	The new app aims to simplify the payment process.
simulate	to copy the way something behaves or looks	The program simulates a real flight.
simulation	a model that copies a real situation	The students trained in a driving simulation.
simultaneously	at the same time	The two teams finished the race simultaneously.
sin	an act that breaks a religious rule	In many religions, lying is considered a sin.
singular	referring to just one, a grammar form	The word 'cat' is singular, but 'cats' is plural.
sketch	draw something roughly and quickly	The artist began to sketch the mountain view outdoors.
skip	move with light jumps, or omit something	She decided to skip breakfast because she woke up late.
slab	a thick, flat piece of solid material	Workers laid a concrete slab for the new patio.
slash	a diagonal line mark, or a forceful cut	Type a slash between the two words in the search.
slavery	the state of being owned as property	Slavery was officially abolished in the United States in 1865.
slot	narrow opening, scheduled time period	Please insert your card into the slot to pay.
snake	a long animal with no legs	A green snake moved slowly through the grass.
sneeze	sudden burst of air from the nose	He let out a loud sneeze during the meeting.
sniff	inhale audibly through the nose to smell	The dog began to sniff the ground near the fence.
socialize	interact with others in a friendly, casual way	He prefers to socialize with close friends on weekends.
socially	in a way related to society or friends	He is socially awkward but very kind at heart.
sodium	a mineral found in salt	Too much sodium in food can raise blood pressure.
soluble	able to dissolve in liquid	Sugar is soluble in warm water.
solute	the substance that dissolves in a liquid	Sugar is the solute when you stir it into water.
solvent	a liquid that dissolves other substances	Use a strong solvent to remove the dried paint stain.
sometime	at an unspecified point in time	We should meet for coffee sometime next week.
sophisticate	a person with refined tastes and wide experience	The party was full of city sophisticates in fine clothes.
span	extend across a distance or period of time	The bridge spans nearly two kilometers across the river.
spatial	relating to space, position, or area	The test measures a child's spatial reasoning skills.
specialty	a particular skill, or a signature dish	Grilled seafood is the restaurant's most famous specialty.
specification	a detailed description of requirements	The engineer checked the specifications before ordering parts.
specimen	a sample used for testing or study	The doctor sent a blood specimen to the laboratory.
spectrum	a full range of things such as colors or opinions	The prism splits light into a spectrum of colors.
sperm	a male cell that can fertilize an egg	A single sperm joins the egg.
sphere	round three-dimensional shape, area of activity	The moon appears as a bright sphere in the sky.
splice	to join two pieces end to end	The engineer had to splice the two cables together.
sponsorship	financial support for an event or person	The team found a new sponsorship deal with a local bank.
spontaneous	done without planning, natural	Her spontaneous decision to travel surprised everyone.
spray	fine drops of liquid, or a spraying device	She used a spray of perfume before leaving the house.
stabilize	to make or become steady and unchanging	Doctors managed to stabilize the patient after surgery.
stack	a neat pile of things	He left a stack of papers on the desk.
stadium	a large place for sports events	Thousands of fans filled the stadium last night.
stance	a person's opinion or position on an issue	The party changed its stance on the new tax.
standardize	to make things follow one same rule or form	The company wants to standardize its safety rules.
static	not moving or changing	Prices stayed static for the whole year.
statistical	based on the collection and analysis of numbers	The study found a statistical link between the two habits.
statistically	according to statistics	The difference is statistically small but real.
statistics	numerical data collected and analyzed	The report includes statistics on unemployment across the country.
stereotype	an oversimplified fixed idea about a group	The movie relies too much on cultural stereotypes.
stimulus	something that causes a reaction or growth	Light is a stimulus that makes the plant grow.
straightforward	simple and easy to understand	The instructions were straightforward and easy to follow.
strand	a single thin length of thread or hair	A single strand of hair fell across her face.
strategic	carefully planned to achieve a goal	The company made a strategic decision to expand overseas.
strictly	in a strict manner, without exception	Smoking is strictly forbidden inside the hospital building.
stripe	long narrow band of color	The shirt had a bold red stripe down the side.
sub	a substitute, or a submarine	The coach sent in a sub for the injured player.
subjective	based on personal feelings rather than on facts	Beauty is subjective and depends on the viewer.
subset	a smaller group that is part of a larger one	Only a small subset of the students took the test.
substitution	the act of using one thing or person in place of another	The coach made a substitution in the second half.
substrate	the surface or material something grows on	The seeds grow well in a moist substrate.
subtle	not obvious, delicate or slight	There was a subtle change in her tone of voice.
subtract	to take one number away from another	You need to subtract the discount from the total price.
sufficiently	to a degree that is enough	Make sure the meat is sufficiently cooked before serving it.
suicide	act of intentionally ending one's own life	The clinic offers counseling to prevent suicide among teens.
super	excellent, very good	We had a super time at the amusement park.
superior	higher in quality, rank, or status	This brand offers superior quality at a fair price.
supposedly	according to what is said, not certain	Supposedly, the old house is haunted by ghosts.
surgeon	doctor who performs surgical operations	The surgeon operated on her knee for two hours.
surgical	relating to surgery	The patient needs a small surgical operation.
surplus	an amount left over after all needs are met	The farm had a surplus of apples this year.
susceptible	easily affected or harmed by something	Young children are susceptible to colds in winter.
sustainable	able to continue without harming the environment	The company invested in sustainable farming practices.
swap	to exchange one thing for another	The children swapped stickers during recess.
swell	to increase in size, especially with fluid	Her ankle began to swell after the fall.
sword	weapon with a long sharp blade	The knight carried a heavy sword into battle.
syllable	a unit of pronunciation within a word	The word banana has three syllables.
syllabus	a list of topics for a course	The teacher handed out the syllabus on the first day.
symbolic	representing something else, having symbolic meaning	The dove is a symbolic representation of peace.
syndrome	group of symptoms occurring together	Doctors diagnosed him with a rare genetic syndrome.
syntactic	relating to sentence structure	The error is syntactic, not a spelling problem.
syntax	the rules for arranging words in sentences	English syntax puts the verb after the subject.
synthesis	combination of elements into a coherent whole	Her thesis offers a synthesis of two rival theories.
synthetic	made artificially, not by nature	The jacket is made from synthetic fibers, not wool.
systematic	done according to a fixed plan	She took a systematic approach to organizing her files.
tech	technology, or the industry that makes it	She works for a small tech company in the city.
technically	according to strict facts or rules	Technically, the store closes at nine, not eight.
temporal	relating to time	The story follows a clear temporal order.
tempt	to attract someone to do something wrong	The smell of fresh cookies began to tempt him.
tense	feeling nervous or anxious	The room felt tense before the exam results arrived.
terminal	building where passengers depart or arrive	We waited near the terminal for our connecting flight.
terminology	the special words used in a subject	Medical terminology confuses many new students.
terribly	very badly, or extremely	I feel terribly sorry for arriving so late.
textbook	a book used for studying a subject	Open your textbook to page ten.
theorem	a statement in maths that has been proved true	We proved the theorem in class today.
theorist	a person who develops theories about a subject	The economist is a leading theorist on global trade.
thereby	by that means, as a result	He finished early, thereby earning some free time.
thermal	relating to heat	The jacket has a thermal lining for cold days.
thesis	a long research paper for a degree	She spent two years writing her doctoral thesis.
thickness	the extent of something from side to side	The wall's thickness helps keep the house cool.
thread	a thin strand used for sewing	She used a needle and thread to fix the torn sleeve.
threshold	the entrance to a room, or the point where something begins	She paused at the threshold before entering the room.
thumb	the short thick finger on the hand	He hurt his thumb while closing the car door.
tolerance	the ability to accept or endure something	This plant has a high tolerance for dry weather.
ton	a unit of weight equal to 1,000 kilograms	The ship carried more than a ton of cargo.
toxic	poisonous or harmful	The factory was fined for dumping toxic waste in the river.
tract	a wide area of land; a body system	The farmer owns a large tract of fertile land.
traditionally	according to custom or tradition	Traditionally, the family gathers for dinner every Sunday.
trait	a distinguishing quality of someone's character	Patience is an important trait for a good teacher.
trajectory	the curved path of a moving object	The ball followed a high trajectory over the fence.
trans	relating to a person whose gender is different from the one given at birth	The club is a safe space for trans students.
transaction	an act of buying, selling or exchanging	The bank sent a receipt for every transaction.
transcribe	to write down spoken words	She had to transcribe the whole interview by hand.
transcription	a written copy of spoken words	The transcription of the interview took two hours.
transformation	a complete change in form or appearance	The old warehouse underwent a stunning transformation.
translation	text converted from one language into another	The English translation of the novel took two years.
transmission	the sending of a signal or message	The disease spreads through airborne transmission.
transmit	to send out a signal or message	The satellite can transmit data across the entire globe.
transparency	openness, or the quality of being clear	The company promised more transparency about its costs.
transplant	an operation to move an organ into another body	He is waiting for a heart transplant.
trauma	a deeply distressing or disturbing experience	The accident left him with lasting emotional trauma.
treaty	a formal agreement between countries	The two nations signed a peace treaty after years of war.
tremendous	very great in amount or degree	The charity raised a tremendous amount of money this year.
triangle	a shape with three sides and three angles	The teacher drew a triangle on the whiteboard.
tribe	a social group united by shared ancestry or customs	The documentary follows a remote tribe in the Amazon.
tricky	difficult to handle or understand	Parking downtown can be tricky during rush hour.
trivial	of little value or importance	They argued over something trivial like whose turn it was.
tropical	relating to the hot regions near the equator	They vacationed on a tropical island last winter.
tumor	an abnormal growth of tissue in the body	Doctors found a small tumor during the scan.
turbulent	full of sudden change, disorder, or unrest	The country went through a turbulent period after the election.
tutor	a private teacher for one student	She hired a math tutor to help her prepare for exams.
ultimate	final, or the greatest possible	Winning the championship was his ultimate goal this year.
undergraduate	a college student without a degree yet	She spent four years as an undergraduate studying biology.
undermine	to weaken something gradually	Constant criticism undermined her confidence.
underneath	below or under something	The cat was hiding underneath the table during the storm.
unemployed	without a paid job	Many workers became unemployed after the factory closed down.
unify	bring together as one	The new leader tried to unify the divided political parties.
unintelligible	impossible to understand	His voice on the phone was almost unintelligible.
unity	the state of being joined together as one	The speech called for unity among the workers.
unstable	not steady, or likely to change suddenly	The old ladder felt unstable on the wet ground.
uplift	to raise something, or to make someone feel happier	Her kind words seemed to uplift the whole team.
upward	moving toward a higher place	The company reported an upward trend in sales this quarter.
urine	liquid waste passed from the body	The nurse tested a sample of his urine.
usage	the way something is used	Water usage tends to increase significantly during hot summer months.
utility	usefulness, or a public service like electricity	The company praised the tool's utility for small businesses.
utilize	to make practical use of	The team decided to utilize solar panels for the new office.
utterance	something that a person says	Every utterance in the recording was written down.
vague	not clear or precise	His answer was too vague to give us any real information.
valid	legally acceptable, or based on sound reasoning	Your passport must remain valid for six more months.
validity	the state of being legally or logically acceptable	The judge questioned the validity of the contract.
valve	a part that controls the flow of liquid or gas	Turn the valve to stop the water.
variability	the fact of changing often or being different	The variability of the weather makes planning hard.
variance	a difference between two amounts or things	There was a small variance between the two results.
variant	a slightly different form or version of something	This variant of the virus spreads more quickly.
vector	a quantity with both size and direction	The arrow on the chart shows the wind vector.
vegetation	plants in general, considered collectively	Thick vegetation covered the sides of the mountain.
vein	blood vessel carrying blood to the heart	The nurse found a vein easily to draw his blood.
velocity	the speed of something in one direction	The ball left the bat at high velocity.
verbal	spoken rather than written	They reached a verbal agreement before signing the contract.
vertical	upright, at a right angle to the ground	The cliff face rises in a nearly vertical line.
viable	able to work or to succeed	The plan is only viable if we find more money.
virtue	moral excellence, or a good quality	Patience is considered a virtue in most cultures.
vitamin	a substance essential for healthy nutrition	Oranges are an excellent source of vitamin C.
vocabulary	the words known and used	Reading books helps you learn new vocabulary.
volition	the power to choose or decide by yourself	She left the company of her own volition.
vowel	a letter like a, e, i, o, u	Every syllable in English usually contains at least one vowel.
watershed	an important turning point	The new drug was a watershed in cancer treatment.
wavelength	the distance between two waves of light or sound	Red light has a longer wavelength than blue light.
weave	a particular style or pattern of weaving	The scarf had a tight weave that kept out the cold.
wheat	a cereal plant used to make flour	Farmers harvested the golden wheat before the autumn rains.
whereby	by which, or through which	They agreed on a plan whereby each side pays half.
whichever	any one, no matter which	Take whichever seat you prefer near the window.
whoever	any person, no matter who	Whoever finishes first will receive a small prize.
widespread	found over a large area	The disease caused widespread panic across the entire region.
wisdom	good judgment gained from experience	Her grandmother is known for her wisdom.
workshop	a room for making things, or training	He fixed the bike in his small workshop behind the house.
yeast	a substance used to make bread rise or beer ferment	Add yeast to the flour to make the bread rise.