---
title: "Academic Word List for TOEFL & IELTS (954 Words) | VocaFlare"
description: "The academic vocabulary TOEFL and IELTS passages are built from: 954 words with meanings, examples and CEFR levels. Free, no sign-up."
url: "https://vocaflare.com/en/english/exams/toefl-ielts"
language: "en"
---

# Academic word list for TOEFL and IELTS: 954 words

These are the words academic English keeps reusing, the vocabulary TOEFL and IELTS reading passages are built from. The list is alphabetical, each entry carries its CEFR level, and every word links to a page with a meaning and an example sentence.

954 words on this page

[Open in app](https://vocaflare.com/ai/pack?path=%2Fdownloads%2Fexams%2Facademic-en.txt&lang=en)[Download the list](https://vocaflare.com/downloads/exams/academic-en.txt)

## A

- abdominalrelating to the stomach area of the body
- [absorb](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/absorb)B1soak up, take in
- absorptionthe process of taking in a liquid, gas or energy
- accelerateto move faster or make something go faster
- accelerationan increase in speed or in rate of change
- [accent](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/accent)B1distinctive way of pronouncing words
- [accumulate](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/accumulate)B2to gather or increase gradually over time
- accumulationa gradual gathering or increase of something
- [accuracy](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/accuracy)B1quality of being correct, precise
- [accurately](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/accurately)B1correctly, precisely
- [acid](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/acid)B2a chemical substance that can dissolve metals
- [acidic](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/acidic)C1containing acid, sharp or sour
- activateto make something start working
- [actively](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/actively)B2in an energetic or involved way
- [acute](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/acute)B2very serious or severe, sharp
- adaptationa change made to fit a new use or situation
- adaptiveable to change to fit new conditions
- adjacentnext to or very near something
- [admission](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/admission)B1entry permission, or a confession
- adolescenta young person between child and adult
- [adverse](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/adverse)B2harmful or unfavorable to someone
- aerosola substance sprayed from a can as fine mist
- [aesthetic](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/aesthetic)C1relating to beauty or artistic taste
- affirmto state firmly that something is true
- [afterward](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/afterward)B1later, after that
- aggregatea total formed from many separate items
- [agriculture](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/agriculture)B1the practice of farming
- [airplane](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/airplane)A1a machine that flies in the sky
- algebrathe part of maths that uses letters for numbers
- algorithma set of steps a computer follows to solve a problem
- aliena creature from another planet, or a foreigner
- [alliance](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/alliance)B2a formal agreement between groups or countries
- allocateto give out part of something for a purpose
- allocationan amount of something given out for a purpose
- [altitude](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/altitude)B2the height of something above sea level
- [aluminum](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/aluminum)B2a lightweight silver colored metal
- aminorelating to a chemical group found in proteins
- [amongst](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/amongst)B2in the middle of a group, among
- amplitudethe size or height of a wave or vibration
- [analogy](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/analogy)B2a comparison between two similar things
- [ancestor](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/ancestor)A2a family member from the past
- [anthropology](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/anthropology)C1the study of human societies and cultures
- [anti](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/anti)B1opposed to something
- antibiotica medicine that kills bacteria
- antibodya blood protein that fights infection
- [antiquity](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/antiquity)C1the ancient past, or great age
- appendixextra information added at the end of a book
- [applause](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/applause)B1approval shown by clapping
- [apple](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/apple)A1a round fruit with red or green skin
- [approximate](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/approximate)B2close to a value but not exact
- approximationa figure that is close but not exact
- arbitrarychosen at random, not for a clear reason
- archaeologythe study of history through old objects and remains
- [architect](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/architect)B1person who designs buildings
- arraya large group of things arranged together
- [arrow](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/arrow)B1pointed weapon shot from a bow, or symbol
- [articulate](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/articulate)B2to express an idea clearly in words
- [artifact](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/artifact)C2an object of historical or cultural interest
- [artificial](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/artificial)A2made by people, not natural
- [artistic](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/artistic)B1having natural skill in art
- artworkpictures or objects made by an artist
- [aspect](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/aspect)B1a particular part or feature
- [assembly](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/assembly)B2a group of people gathered together, or putting parts together
- [assert](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/assert)B2to state something firmly and confidently
- [assignment](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/assignment)B1a task given to someone
- [athletic](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/athletic)B1physically strong and fit
- [atom](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/atom)A2the smallest unit of a chemical element
- [atomic](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/atomic)B1relating to atoms or atomic energy
- auctionpublic sale where things go to the highest bidder
- [audio](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/audio)A2relating to sound or hearing
- [audit](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/audit)B2an official check of financial records
- [authority](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/authority)B1power to give orders, or official body
- autonomythe right or ability to decide things for oneself
- [availability](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/availability)B2the state of being available or ready to use
- [axiom](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/axiom)C2a statement accepted as self-evidently true
- [axis](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/axis)B2an imaginary line something rotates around

## B

- [backward](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/backward)B2toward the back, or in reverse
- bacteriavery small living things that can cause disease
- bacterialcaused by or relating to bacteria
- [bang](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/bang)B1a sudden loud noise
- [bargain](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/bargain)A2something bought for a low price
- [barrel](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/barrel)B1large cylindrical container
- [basin](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/basin)B1wide bowl for water, or river area
- [bat](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/bat)A1sports stick, or a flying night animal
- [beam](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/beam)B2a line of light, or a long piece of wood or metal
- behavioralrelating to how a person or animal acts
- [bilingual](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/bilingual)B1able to speak two languages fluently
- binaryusing only two parts or two digits
- biodiversitythe variety of living things in a place
- biologista scientist who studies living things
- [biology](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/biology)B1the study of living organisms
- [bizarre](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/bizarre)B2very strange or unusual
- [blank](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/blank)A1with nothing written or filled in
- [bleed](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/bleed)B1lose blood from the body
- bodilyrelating to the human body
- [bonus](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/bonus)A2extra money or a reward given
- [bound](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/bound)B1certain to happen, or heading toward
- [bracket](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/bracket)B2a support fixed to a wall, or a group category
- [breakdown](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/breakdown)B2a failure of a machine or system, or a detailed analysis
- [broadly](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/broadly)B2in a general way, without specific detail
- [bubble](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/bubble)B1thin sphere of liquid enclosing air
- [bucket](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/bucket)A1a round container with a handle
- [bulk](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/bulk)C1the main part, or a large mass
- [bullet](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/bullet)B1small metal projectile fired from a gun
- bundlea group of things tied or wrapped together

## C

- calciuma mineral that keeps bones and teeth strong
- [calculation](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/calculation)B1process of working out a number
- [calculator](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/calculator)B1device used to do calculations
- calculusa branch of maths dealing with change and rates
- [campus](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/campus)A2the land and buildings of a school
- capillarya very thin blood vessel
- capitalisman economic system based on private business and profit
- capitalistrelating to a system of private business and profit
- [carrier](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/carrier)C1a person or thing that carries or transmits something
- [cattle](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/cattle)B1cows kept for farming
- censorto remove parts of a text or film that are not allowed
- [characterization](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/characterization)C1the way a character is created and described
- [cheat](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/cheat)B2to act dishonestly to gain an advantage
- cheerssaid before drinking together, or as thanks
- [chemistry](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/chemistry)B1science of substances and reactions
- [chemotherapy](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/chemotherapy)B2a drug treatment for cancer
- [chess](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/chess)A2a board game for two players
- chloridea chemical compound containing chlorine
- chromosomea thread of DNA that carries genes
- chroniclasting a long time and hard to cure
- [chunk](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/chunk)B2a thick, solid piece of something
- [cinema](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/cinema)A1a place where you watch movies
- circaabout, used before a date
- [circulate](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/circulate)C1move around continuously, or spread
- [circulation](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/circulation)C1the movement of something around a system
- [civilization](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/civilization)B1advanced, organized human society
- [clarify](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/clarify)B2to make something clearer or easier to understand
- [classification](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/classification)B2the arrangement of things into groups
- [classify](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/classify)B1arrange into groups by type
- [classroom](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/classroom)A1a room where lessons are taught
- clayheavy sticky earth used for pots and bricks
- [clever](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/clever)A1quick to learn and understand things
- [client](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/client)B2a person who uses a professional's services
- [clinic](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/clinic)B1place for medical treatment
- [clip](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/clip)B1short extract, or small fastener
- [clone](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/clone)A2to make an exact copy of something living
- [closure](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/closure)B2the act of shutting something permanently
- [clue](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/clue)A2a piece of information that helps solve something
- coefficienta number placed before a variable in maths
- [cognitive](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/cognitive)C2relating to mental processes of thinking
- [coherent](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/coherent)B2logical and consistent, easy to follow
- collectiveshared by or done by a group
- [colonial](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/colonial)B2relating to a colony or colonialism
- colonya country or area controlled by another country
- [comma](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/comma)B1punctuation mark showing a pause
- commentarya spoken or written description of an event
- [commodity](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/commodity)C2a raw material or product that can be traded
- [commonly](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/commonly)B1usually, in most cases
- [communicative](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/communicative)B2willing or able to communicate easily
- communistrelating to a system in which the state owns property
- compactsmall and using little space
- comparablesimilar enough to be compared
- [comparative](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/comparative)A2a grammar form comparing two things
- [compensate](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/compensate)B2to pay someone for loss or damage
- [competence](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/competence)B2the ability to do something well
- [competent](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/competent)B2having the skill to do something well
- [complement](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/complement)B1something that completes or improves
- complicationproblem that makes a situation harder
- [comply](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/comply)C1act according to a rule or request
- [composer](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/composer)A2a person who writes music
- compositemade of several different parts
- [comprehension](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/comprehension)B2the ability to understand something
- computationthe act of calculating a number
- [conceive](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/conceive)B2to form an idea in the mind
- [conception](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/conception)B2an idea or general understanding of something
- conceptualbased on ideas rather than on physical things
- [conditional](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/conditional)C1depending on certain conditions being met
- conductionthe passing of heat or electricity through a material
- [cone](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/cone)B2a shape that narrows to a point
- configurationthe way the parts of something are arranged or set up
- [confine](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/confine)B2to keep within limits, or restrict
- confoundto confuse or surprise someone
- congruentmatching exactly, or in agreement
- connectora part that joins two things together
- [connotation](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/connotation)C2an implied meaning beyond the literal one
- [conscious](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/conscious)B1awake and aware
- [consciousness](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/consciousness)B2the state of being awake and aware
- [consensus](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/consensus)B2general agreement among a group
- [consent](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/consent)B2permission for something to happen
- [conservation](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/conservation)B1protection of nature or resources
- [conserve](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/conserve)C1protect and use carefully to avoid waste
- [consonant](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/consonant)B1speech sound other than a vowel
- [constitution](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/constitution)B1basic laws governing a country
- constrainto limit or restrict someone or something
- [consultation](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/consultation)C1a meeting to discuss or get advice
- [consumption](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/consumption)B1act of using up resources
- [container](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/container)A2a box or object for holding things
- [continent](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/continent)A2one of the earth's large landmasses
- [continuity](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/continuity)C1the state of continuing without interruption
- contourthe outline or shape of a surface
- [contradict](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/contradict)B2to say the opposite of, disagree with
- [contradiction](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/contradiction)B2a statement that opposes another
- [contradictory](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/contradictory)B2opposing or inconsistent with something else
- [contrary](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/contrary)B1opposite in nature or direction
- [controversy](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/controversy)B2a public disagreement about something
- convergeto come together at one point
- convergencethe act of coming together at one point
- coordinateto organize different parts so they work together
- coordinationthe organizing of people or actions to work together
- cordthick string, or an electrical cable
- coronaryrelating to the arteries of the heart
- [corpus](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/corpus)C2a collection of texts used for study
- [correction](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/correction)B1change that fixes a mistake
- [correctly](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/correctly)A2in a right or accurate way
- [correlate](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/correlate)C2something related to another thing
- [correlation](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/correlation)C2a mutual relationship between things
- [correspondence](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/correspondence)B2communication by exchanging letters or messages
- [corruption](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/corruption)B2dishonest or illegal behavior for gain
- cortexthe outer layer of an organ, especially the brain
- [credibility](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/credibility)C1the quality of being trusted or believed
- [criteria](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/criteria)C1standards used to judge or decide something
- [critically](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/critically)B2in a way that judges carefully, or severely
- critiquea careful written or spoken judgement of something
- [crude](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/crude)C1rough and simple, or rudely offensive
- crystala solid piece of a substance with a regular shape
- cuea signal for someone to do something
- [cure](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/cure)B1treatment that ends an illness
- [curriculum](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/curriculum)B1subjects taught in a course
- cyclichappening in repeated cycles
- cylindera shape with straight sides and round flat ends

## D

- [damp](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/damp)B1slightly wet or moist
- [deadline](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/deadline)B1time by which something must be done
- [decay](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/decay)B2to rot or gradually decline
- [deceive](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/deceive)B2to make someone believe something false
- defectfault that makes something not perfect
- [deficiency](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/deficiency)B1lack or shortage of something needed
- [definite](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/definite)B1clearly certain or decided
- deflectiona change of direction after hitting something
- [degrade](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/degrade)C1reduce the quality or dignity of
- [deliberately](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/deliberately)B2on purpose, intentionally
- deltaflat land where a river splits and meets the sea
- demonstratora person who shows how something works, or a protester
- denominatorthe number below the line in a fraction
- [denote](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/denote)C2to indicate or signify something
- [dense](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/dense)B2closely packed together, thick
- dependencestate of needing something or someone
- [depict](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/depict)C1show or represent in a picture or words
- derivativesomething developed or made from another thing
- descendenta person related to someone who lived long ago
- descriptora word or label that describes something
- [destination](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/destination)B1place someone is traveling to
- detectionthe act of finding or noticing something
- developmentalrelating to growth or development
- deviationa difference from what is normal or expected
- diagnoseto say what illness or fault something has
- diagnosisthe identification of an illness or a problem
- diagnosticused to find the cause of a problem
- [diagram](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/diagram)B1drawing that explains how something works
- dialecta form of a language used in one area
- [diameter](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/diameter)B1distance straight across a circle
- [diary](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/diary)A2a book for recording daily events
- dictateto say words aloud to be written down, or to give orders
- [dictionary](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/dictionary)A1a book that explains word meanings
- differentiala difference in amount, rate, or level
- differentiateto see or show the difference between things
- differentiationthe act of showing or seeing a difference
- diffusionthe slow spreading of something through a space
- [dilemma](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/dilemma)B2a difficult choice between two options
- diluteto make a liquid weaker by adding water
- dimensionalrelating to measurements such as length, width or height
- [dioxide](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/dioxide)B1chemical compound containing two oxygen atoms
- directivean official order or instruction
- [disability](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/disability)B1physical or mental condition that limits activity
- [disadvantage](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/disadvantage)A2something that causes a problem or difficulty
- [discharge](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/discharge)B2an official release, or emission of a substance
- [discourse](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/discourse)C1written or spoken communication on a topic
- discreteseparate and clearly different
- [discrimination](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/discrimination)B1unfair treatment based on group membership
- displacementthe forced moving of people or things from a place
- [dissection](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/dissection)C1the act of cutting apart for study
- dissertationa long piece of writing for a university degree
- [dissolve](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/dissolve)B1mix completely into a liquid
- [distribution](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/distribution)B1act of giving something out or spreading it
- [disturbance](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/disturbance)B1interruption of peace or normal order
- [diverse](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/diverse)B1showing great variety, very different
- domainan area of activity, knowledge or control
- dominancepower or control over others
- [dominant](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/dominant)C1most powerful, influential, or common
- [domination](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/domination)C1control or power over others
- donora person who gives money, blood or an organ
- [dose](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/dose)B2a measured amount of medicine
- [drain](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/drain)B2a pipe that carries away waste liquid
- driftto move slowly with the wind or water
- [duration](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/duration)C1the length of time something lasts
- [dye](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/dye)B2a substance used to change color
- [dynamic](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/dynamic)B2energetic, constantly changing or active

## E

- [ecological](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/ecological)B1relating to the environment and living things
- [ecology](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/ecology)B1study of living things and their environment
- economicallyin a way that relates to money, or without waste
- [economist](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/economist)B2an expert in economics
- [effectiveness](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/effectiveness)B2the quality of producing intended results
- [elaborate](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/elaborate)C1very detailed and complicated
- [elastic](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/elastic)C1stretchy material used in clothing
- [elasticity](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/elasticity)C2ability to stretch and recover shape
- [electron](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/electron)B1tiny particle with a negative electric charge
- [elementary](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/elementary)A1basic, at an early level
- [elevate](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/elevate)C1to raise to a higher position
- [elevation](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/elevation)C1height above sea level
- eliminationthe removal of something or someone completely
- [elite](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/elite)B2the most powerful or talented group
- [embed](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/embed)C2fix firmly into a surrounding mass
- [emergence](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/emergence)B2the process of coming into existence
- emissionthe sending out of gas, light or heat
- emitto send out light, heat, gas or sound
- [emperor](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/emperor)B1male ruler of an empire
- empiricalbased on observation and experiment, not on theory
- encodeto change information into a coded form
- enforcementthe act of making people obey a rule or law
- [enormously](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/enormously)C1to a very great extent
- entitya thing that exists on its own
- entranta person who enters a competition or exam
- enzymea substance in the body that speeds up chemical change
- epidemica disease that spreads quickly to many people
- epidemiologythe study of how diseases spread among people
- [equality](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/equality)B1state of being equal in rights or status
- [equilibrium](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/equilibrium)C2a state of balance
- equivalencethe state of being equal in value or meaning
- eraseto remove writing or information completely
- [essence](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/essence)B1most basic and important quality of something
- [essentially](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/essentially)B2fundamentally, in basic terms
- [estimation](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/estimation)C1a rough calculation or judgment
- [ethical](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/ethical)C1relating to moral right and wrong
- ethicsrules about right and wrong behaviour
- [evident](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/evident)B1clearly seen or understood, obvious
- evolutionaryrelating to the gradual development of living things
- exa former husband, wife or partner
- [execute](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/execute)B2to carry out a plan
- [execution](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/execution)B2the carrying out of a plan
- [exit](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/exit)B1way out of a building or vehicle
- expertisespecial skill or knowledge in a subject
- explicitstated clearly and leaving no doubt
- explicitlyin a clear and direct way
- [exploit](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/exploit)B2to use unfairly for one's benefit
- exponentialgrowing faster and faster over time

## F

- [fabric](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/fabric)B2cloth made from woven material
- facetone part or side of something
- [facilitate](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/facilitate)B2to make an action easier
- factorialthe result of multiplying a number by every whole number below it
- [faculty](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/faculty)B2mental ability, or university department
- [fatigue](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/fatigue)C1extreme physical or mental tiredness
- [feedback](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/feedback)B2opinions given about performance
- fertilitythe ability to produce crops or young
- fetalrelating to an unborn baby
- [fever](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/fever)A1a body temperature higher than normal
- [fiber](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/fiber)B2thread-like strand, or dietary substance
- fina thin flat part a fish uses to swim
- finitehaving a limit or an end
- [flesh](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/flesh)B2soft substance of a body
- [flexibility](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/flexibility)B2ability to bend or adapt easily
- [flip](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/flip)B2to turn over quickly
- [fluid](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/fluid)B2able to flow smoothly, changeable
- fluxcontinuous change or flow
- [footnote](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/footnote)B2note printed at the bottom of a page
- [formally](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/formally)B1in an official or proper way
- formulationthe careful creation of a plan, rule or product
- foruma place or website for public discussion
- [fossil](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/fossil)C1preserved remains of an ancient organism
- [fraction](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/fraction)C1a small part of a whole
- fracturea break or crack, especially in a bone
- [freely](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/freely)B1without restriction or limit
- frictionthe force that slows things rubbing together
- fringethe outer edge of an area or a group
- fundamentallyin a basic and very important way
- fungusa living thing like a mushroom or mould
- [fusion](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/fusion)C1the joining of different things into one

## G

- gaugeto judge or measure something roughly
- [generalization](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/generalization)B2broad statement based on limited facts
- [generalize](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/generalize)B2to make a broad statement from examples
- [genetically](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/genetically)B1in a way relating to genes
- [genetics](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/genetics)B1science of heredity and genes
- [ghost](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/ghost)A1the spirit of a dead person
- globalizationthe growth of trade and culture across the world
- [goat](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/goat)B2horned farm animal related to sheep
- [goodness](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/goodness)B1expression of surprise
- [goods](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/goods)B1items bought and sold
- gradienthow steep a slope is
- [gram](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/gram)A2a small unit of weight
- grammaticalrelating to grammar, or correct in grammar
- [graph](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/graph)B1diagram showing relationships between numbers
- [grasp](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/grasp)B2firm hold, or good understanding
- gravitythe force that pulls objects toward the earth
- grida pattern of lines that cross to make squares
- [gross](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/gross)B2very unpleasant, or total (before deductions)
- gutthe tube in the body that digests food

## H

- [habitat](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/habitat)B1natural home of a plant or animal
- halfwayat or to the middle point of a distance or a time
- [handout](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/handout)B2printed sheet given to a group
- [harvest](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/harvest)A2the gathering of crops when ripe
- hawka bird of prey with sharp eyes and claws
- headquarterto have a company main office in a place
- [hedge](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/hedge)B2row of bushes forming a boundary
- helixa shape like a spiral or a twisted spring
- hepatitisa disease that causes swelling of the liver
- herbicidea chemical used to kill unwanted plants
- hierarchya system in which people are ranked above one another
- [hip](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/hip)B1part of the body between waist and thigh
- historicallyin the past, or in terms of history
- [homework](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/homework)A1school work done at home
- [horizon](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/horizon)B1line where the sky meets the land
- horizontalflat and going from side to side
- hormonea chemical in the body that controls how it works
- hydrogenthe lightest gas, found in water

## I

- [identical](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/identical)B2exactly the same in every detail
- [identification](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/identification)B2official proof of who someone is
- [ideology](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/ideology)B2a set of political or social beliefs
- illusionsomething that seems real but is not
- immuneprotected against an illness
- [impact](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/impact)A2a strong effect or influence
- implicitsuggested but not stated directly
- [importantly](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/importantly)A2in a way that matters most
- [impulse](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/impulse)B2a sudden strong urge to act
- incidencehow often something happens in a group
- inclinea slope going up or down
- [inclusion](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/inclusion)C1the act of including someone or something
- [incredible](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/incredible)B1impossible or hard to believe
- [incredibly](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/incredibly)B1to an extreme or surprising degree
- [incumbent](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/incumbent)C2the current holder of an office
- [independently](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/independently)B2without help or influence from others
- indicatora sign that shows what something is like
- indifferencea lack of interest or concern
- indigenousbelonging naturally to a place
- [indirect](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/indirect)B1not going straight to the point
- individuallyone at a time, separately
- [induce](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/induce)C2bring about or cause, or persuade
- [induction](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/induction)C1a formal introduction into a role
- industrializationthe growth of factories and industry in a country
- [industrialize](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/industrialize)B2to develop industry widely in a country
- inequalityan unfair difference between groups of people
- inevitablyin a way that cannot be avoided
- [infect](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/infect)B2to pass a disease or germ to something
- [infectious](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/infectious)B2able to spread easily to others
- [inference](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/inference)B2a conclusion reached from evidence or reasoning
- inferiorlower in quality or rank
- infinitehaving no end or limit
- infinitya space or number without any end
- [influential](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/influential)B2having great power to affect people or events
- [informal](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/informal)B2casual, not following strict rules or ceremony
- inhibitto slow or prevent something from happening
- inhibitiona feeling that stops you acting freely, or the slowing of a process
- initiateto start something or make it begin
- initiationthe act of starting something
- [inject](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/inject)B1to put a liquid into something with a needle
- [injection](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/injection)B2a shot of liquid put into the body
- [innate](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/innate)B2existing naturally from birth, not learned
- [insect](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/insect)A2a small animal with six legs
- insertto put something inside something else
- instabilitythe state of being likely to change or fail
- [instinct](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/instinct)B2a natural tendency to act without thinking
- [integral](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/integral)C1necessary to make something complete
- [integration](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/integration)C2combining parts into a unified whole
- intensitythe strength or force of something
- [intensive](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/intensive)B1thorough and concentrated in a short time
- [interact](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/interact)B1to communicate or react with each other
- interestinglyin a way that is surprising or worth noticing
- interfacethe part of a system where a user or two parts meet
- [interfere](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/interfere)B2to get involved in something without invitation
- [intermediate](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/intermediate)B1between beginner and advanced level
- [interrupt](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/interrupt)B1to stop someone speaking or something happening
- [interval](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/interval)B1period of time between two events
- interveneto get involved in order to change a situation
- [interviewer](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/interviewer)A1a person who asks the questions
- [invade](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/invade)A2to attack and enter a country
- [invasion](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/invasion)B1act of entering by force to attack
- inversionthe act of turning something the opposite way
- invertto turn something upside down
- ionan atom that carries an electric charge
- irrelevantnot connected with the subject
- irrigationsupplying water to land for growing crops

## J

- [jazz](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/jazz)B1style of music with strong rhythm
- [junior](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/junior)A2lower in rank or younger
- justificationa good reason for doing or believing something

## K

- kidneyan organ that cleans the blood and makes urine
- [kilometer](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/kilometer)A2a unit of distance, 1000 meters

## L

- [lab](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/lab)B1room for scientific work, short for laboratory
- lateralrelating to the side of something
- layoutthe way parts are arranged on a page or in a space
- [leaf](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/leaf)A1a flat green part of a plant
- [lecturer](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/lecturer)B2a person who teaches at a university
- [legend](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/legend)B2an old traditional story, or a famous person
- [legitimate](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/legitimate)B2allowed by law, or reasonable and fair
- [leisure](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/leisure)A2free time for relaxing or fun
- levera bar used to lift or move something
- lexicalrelating to the words of a language
- liablelegally responsible, or likely to do something
- [lifestyle](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/lifestyle)A2the way a person lives
- [lifetime](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/lifetime)B2the whole length of a person's life
- [likelihood](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/likelihood)C1the chance that something will happen
- [likewise](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/likewise)B2in the same way, also
- [limb](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/limb)B2an arm, leg, or large tree branch
- [linear](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/linear)C1arranged in a straight line or sequence
- linguisticrelating to language or to its study
- linguisticsthe scientific study of language
- [liter](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/liter)A2a unit for measuring liquid
- [liver](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/liver)B1organ that cleans the blood
- locallyin or near the area where you are
- locusthe exact place where something happens
- [logical](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/logical)A2following clear and sensible reasoning
- longitudinalfollowing the same people over a long time
- loopa shape or path that curves back to where it started
- lumpa small solid piece of something
- [lung](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/lung)B1organ used for breathing

## M

- machinerymachines as a group, especially large ones
- [magnetic](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/magnetic)C1having the pull of a magnet; strongly attractive
- magnitudethe great size or importance of something
- [mall](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/mall)A2a large building with many shops
- [manipulate](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/manipulate)B2to control or influence something cleverly
- [manipulation](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/manipulation)C1unfair or skillful control of someone
- [manual](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/manual)B2done by hand rather than machine
- manuscripta handwritten or unpublished book or document
- [marble](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/marble)B1hard stone used for building, a small glass ball toy
- [marginal](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/marginal)C1minor or small in importance
- markera thick pen, or a sign that shows a position
- marrowthe soft tissue inside bones
- [maternal](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/maternal)C1relating to a mother; motherly
- [mathematical](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/mathematical)B2relating to mathematics
- matrixa grid of numbers arranged in rows and columns
- maximizeto make something as large as possible
- [meaningful](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/meaningful)B1having purpose, importance, or value
- [mechanic](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/mechanic)B1person who repairs machines, especially vehicles
- [mechanical](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/mechanical)B1relating to machines or moved by machinery
- [media](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/media)B2newspapers, television, and internet news outlets
- [mediate](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/mediate)C2help resolve a dispute between parties
- membranea thin layer of tissue or material
- [memorize](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/memorize)B1to learn something so it can be recalled exactly
- [mentor](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/mentor)B2an experienced person who guides someone
- mercurya heavy silver liquid metal
- [merge](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/merge)B2to combine or join together
- [messenger](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/messenger)B2a person who carries messages
- metabolismthe way the body turns food into energy
- [metaphor](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/metaphor)B2a figure of speech comparing two things
- [methodology](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/methodology)C2a system of methods used in a field
- [micro](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/micro)B2a very small unit prefix, one millionth
- midin the middle part of a period or a place
- migrateto move from one place or country to another
- [migration](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/migration)B2movement of people or animals to a new place
- [millimeter](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/millimeter)B2a unit of length, one thousandth of a meter
- [mineral](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/mineral)B1natural solid substance found in the earth
- minimalvery small in amount or degree
- [minimize](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/minimize)B1to reduce something to the smallest amount possible
- [minus](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/minus)B1reduced by, used to subtract a number
- [missile](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/missile)B2a weapon that is fired at a target
- [mobility](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/mobility)B2the ability to move freely
- [modification](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/modification)B2a change or alteration made to something
- molea small furry animal that digs underground
- molecularrelating to molecules
- [molecule](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/molecule)B1smallest unit of a chemical substance
- momentumthe force that keeps something moving or growing
- monetaryrelating to money or currency
- [monkey](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/monkey)A1a hairy animal that climbs trees
- monopolycomplete control of a market by one company
- [morality](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/morality)B2principles of right and wrong behavior
- morphologicalrelating to the form and structure of something
- morphologythe study of the form and structure of things
- mortalitythe number of deaths in a group, or the fact of dying
- motifa pattern or idea that repeats in art or music
- [motive](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/motive)B1reason for doing something, often a crime
- multinationaloperating in several countries
- [multiply](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/multiply)B2to increase greatly, or times a number
- mutationa change in the genes of a living thing
- [myth](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/myth)B1traditional story, a widely believed but false idea

## N

- [naked](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/naked)B1not wearing any clothes
- namelyused to say exactly who or what you mean
- [nasty](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/nasty)B1very unpleasant or unkind
- nationalismgreat love and pride for your own country
- [neat](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/neat)B2tidy and orderly, or clever
- [necessity](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/necessity)B2something that is essential or required
- nesta place where a bird lays its eggs
- neuralrelating to the nerves or the brain
- neurona cell that carries messages in the brain
- [neutral](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/neutral)B1not supporting either side
- [nicely](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/nicely)B2in a pleasant or polite way
- [niche](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/niche)C1a specialized position or market segment
- nitrogena gas that makes up most of the air
- [noble](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/noble)B2having high moral qualities, or of high rank
- nodea point where lines or parts meet
- [noisy](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/noisy)A2making a lot of loud sound
- nominalvery small, or existing only in name
- [nonetheless](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/nonetheless)B1despite that; nevertheless
- nonlinearnot following a straight or simple order
- normwhat is usual or expected in a group
- notationa system of signs used to write something down
- novicea person who is new at something
- [nucleus](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/nucleus)B1central part of a cell or atom
- nullhaving no value or effect
- [numerical](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/numerical)B2relating to or expressed as numbers
- [nutrient](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/nutrient)B1substance that provides nourishment

## O

- [objection](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/objection)B1expression of disapproval
- [obscure](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/obscure)C1to make unclear or hide from view
- [observer](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/observer)B2a person who watches without taking part
- [obtain](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/obtain)B1get or acquire something
- [occupation](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/occupation)A2a person's job or profession
- occurrencesomething that happens, an event
- [offspring](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/offspring)C1a person's child or an animal's young
- onsetthe beginning of something, often something bad
- onwardscontinuing forward in time or space
- opticalrelating to light or to seeing
- optimalthe best possible
- optimumthe best or most favorable
- [oral](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/oral)B1a spoken exam or test
- [organ](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/organ)B1body part with a function, or musical instrument
- [organism](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/organism)B1a single living plant or animal
- orientto find your position or direction
- orientationa meeting that introduces people to a new place
- oscillationa regular movement back and forth
- [outer](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/outer)B1on the outside; farther out
- [outlet](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/outlet)B2a socket for electricity, or a way to release energy
- overheadthe regular costs of running a business
- [overlap](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/overlap)B2a part shared by two things
- overviewa short general description of something
- oxidizeto combine with oxygen, often causing rust
- [oxygen](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/oxygen)B1gas needed for breathing

## P

- [painful](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/painful)B1causing physical or emotional pain
- paran equal level or normal standard
- paradigma typical model or way of thinking
- [paradox](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/paradox)B2a statement that seems contradictory but may be true
- [parameter](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/parameter)C2a factor that defines the limits of something
- [parcel](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/parcel)B1a wrapped package sent by mail
- [pardon](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/pardon)A1used to politely ask someone to repeat
- [parental](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/parental)B1relating to a parent or parents
- parenthesisone of the curved marks used to add extra information
- [partial](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/partial)B1not complete; only in part
- partiallyonly in part, not completely
- [particle](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/particle)B2a very small piece of matter
- partitiona wall or screen that divides a space
- pathwaya path, or a route toward a goal
- [peasant](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/peasant)C1a poor farmer or farm laborer
- periodichappening at regular times
- peripheralnot central or not very important
- pestan insect or animal that damages crops
- pesticidea chemical used to kill insects and pests
- [phenomenal](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/phenomenal)C1extraordinary, remarkable
- [philosopher](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/philosopher)B1person who studies fundamental truths
- [philosophical](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/philosophical)B2relating to philosophy or calm acceptance of difficulty
- phonologicalrelating to the sound system of a language
- phosphatea chemical salt used in fertilizer and living cells
- photographicrelating to photographs or photography
- [physically](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/physically)A2in a way related to the body
- [physician](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/physician)B2medical doctor
- [physics](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/physics)B1science of matter and energy
- [physiological](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/physiological)C2relating to the body's normal functions
- [pi](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/pi)B2mathematical constant, about 3.14159
- plannera notebook for plans, or a person who plans
- plantationa large farm growing one main crop
- [plausible](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/plausible)C1seeming reasonable or believable
- [plug](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/plug)B1device that connects to an electrical socket
- [plural](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/plural)A2more than one, a grammar form
- polarrelating to the areas near the North or South Pole
- [pole](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/pole)B1long straight stick, or Earth's axis end
- [politically](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/politically)B2in a way related to politics or government
- portfolioa collection of work that shows your skills
- [portray](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/portray)C1to depict or represent in a certain way
- [portrayal](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/portrayal)C1a depiction of someone or something
- [positively](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/positively)B1in a hopeful or definite way
- [poster](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/poster)A1a large printed picture or notice
- postgraduaterelating to study after a first degree
- potassiuma soft metal element that the body needs
- [powder](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/powder)B1dry substance of fine particles
- [practitioner](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/practitioner)C2a person actively practicing a profession
- pragmaticdealing with things in a practical way
- [precede](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/precede)B2come before something in time or order
- precipitateto make something happen suddenly
- precipitationrain, snow, or hail that falls from the sky
- predatoran animal that hunts and eats other animals
- [prediction](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/prediction)A2a statement about the future
- predominantlymostly or mainly
- [prejudice](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/prejudice)B1unfair opinion formed without reason
- [preliminary](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/preliminary)B2coming before the main part, introductory
- presumeto think something is true without proof
- prevalencehow common or widespread something is
- preyan animal hunted by another animal for food
- primera first coat of paint, or a basic book on a subject
- [primitive](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/primitive)B1simple; from an early stage
- [probe](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/probe)B2thorough investigation, or a device for exploring
- problematiccausing difficulty or problems
- processorthe part of a computer that does the work
- [productive](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/productive)B1producing a lot; efficient
- productivitythe amount of work done in a period of time
- [profound](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/profound)C1very deep, intense, or insightful
- progressionthe process of moving forward step by step
- [progressive](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/progressive)A2developing gradually, or favoring reform
- [projection](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/projection)B2an estimate of future amounts, or an image cast on a surface
- [prominent](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/prominent)B1important and well known
- [pronounce](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/pronounce)A2to say a word's sounds correctly
- [proposition](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/proposition)C2a statement or proposal put forward for consideration
- protocolan official set of rules for doing something
- protona part of an atom with a positive charge
- [psychiatric](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/psychiatric)C1relating to mental illness treatment
- [psychologist](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/psychologist)A2an expert in how the mind works
- [psychology](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/psychology)B2scientific study of the mind and behavior
- [publish](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/publish)A2to print and release a book
- [pulse](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/pulse)B2regular beating of blood through the body
- [punch](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/punch)B2hit with a closed fist, or a fruit drink
- [punish](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/punish)B1make someone suffer for an offense
- [punishment](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/punishment)B1a penalty for doing something wrong
- purelyonly, and for no other reason
- [puzzle](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/puzzle)B1a game or problem to solve

## Q

- [qualitative](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/qualitative)C2relating to quality rather than quantity
- quantitativebased on numbers and amounts
- quantumthe smallest possible amount of energy
- [questionnaire](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/questionnaire)B1a set of written questions for research
- [quiz](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/quiz)A2a short test of knowledge
- [quotation](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/quotation)B2words repeated from another source

## R

- [rack](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/rack)B2framework for holding or storing things
- [radar](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/radar)B2system using radio waves to detect objects
- [radiation](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/radiation)B1energy given off as particles or waves
- radiusthe distance from the center of a circle to its edge
- [rainfall](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/rainfall)B1the amount of rain that falls
- randomizeto put things in no fixed order
- randomlywithout any plan or pattern
- [rational](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/rational)B1based on reason, sensible
- rationalitythe quality of being based on clear reason
- [ray](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/ray)A2a thin beam of light
- reactivequick to react to something
- reactora machine that produces nuclear energy
- [readily](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/readily)B2willingly and without hesitation, or easily
- [realism](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/realism)C1depicting things as they truly are
- [realistic](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/realistic)B1seeing things as they really are
- realman area of activity or thought, or a kingdom
- receptora part of a cell that receives signals
- [recipe](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/recipe)B2set of instructions for cooking a dish
- reconstructto build something again, or to work out how it happened
- [regime](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/regime)B2a system of government or organized routine
- regressiona return to an earlier or worse state
- rehabilitationthe process of returning to health or to normal life
- [reinforce](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/reinforce)B2make something stronger or more solid
- [rejection](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/rejection)B2the act of refusing or turning down
- reliabilitythe quality of being able to be trusted
- [render](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/render)C1to cause something to become a certain state
- [repertoire](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/repertoire)B2the range of pieces a performer knows
- [replacement](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/replacement)B2a person or thing that takes another's place
- replicateto copy or repeat something exactly
- replicationan exact copy or repeat of something
- [reproduce](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/reproduce)B1produce offspring, or copy something exactly
- reproductionthe process of producing young, or a copy of something
- [republic](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/republic)B1a country led by elected representatives
- [resemble](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/resemble)B1look or seem like something else
- reservoira lake used for storing water
- [residual](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/residual)C2remaining after most of something has gone
- [residue](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/residue)C2a small quantity remaining after the main part is used
- resistantnot harmed or affected by something
- [respiratory](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/respiratory)B2relating to the act of breathing
- [retrieve](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/retrieve)B2get or bring back something from somewhere
- [revolutionary](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/revolutionary)B2involving a great, radical change
- [rewrite](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/rewrite)B1write something again in a different way
- [rhetoric](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/rhetoric)C2persuasive language, often lacking real substance
- [rhythm](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/rhythm)A2a regular pattern of sound
- [ridiculous](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/ridiculous)B1very silly or unreasonable
- [ritual](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/ritual)B2a series of actions performed regularly
- [robot](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/robot)B1a machine that can do tasks automatically
- [rope](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/rope)A2a thick strong cord
- [rotate](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/rotate)C1to turn around a fixed point
- rotationthe act of turning around a central point
- [rub](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/rub)B2move something back and forth against a surface
- [ruler](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/ruler)A1a tool for measuring, or a leader

## S

- [scatter](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/scatter)B1throw or spread things in different directions
- [scenario](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/scenario)C1a description of a possible sequence of events
- [scholarship](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/scholarship)B1money awarded to support a student's studies
- scripturethe holy writings of a religion
- [scroll](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/scroll)C2a roll of paper or parchment with writing
- secreteto produce and release a liquid from the body
- sedimentsolid material that sinks to the bottom of a liquid
- selectivecareful about choosing only certain things
- semanticrelating to the meaning of words
- [semester](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/semester)A2half of a school year
- semia large truck with a separate trailer
- [seminar](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/seminar)B2a class or meeting for discussion or training
- [sensation](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/sensation)B1a physical feeling, or great excitement
- [sensible](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/sensible)B2showing good, practical judgment
- sensitivitythe ability to detect or react to small changes
- sensoryrelating to the senses like sight and touch
- [separately](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/separately)B2apart from each other, not together
- [separation](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/separation)B1the act of being kept apart
- sexualitya person's sexual feelings or identity
- [shallow](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/shallow)B1not very deep
- [shortly](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/shortly)B1soon, in a short time
- shuttlea bus or train that travels back and forth
- [similarity](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/similarity)B1a way in which things are alike
- [simplify](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/simplify)B1make something easier to understand or do
- simulateto copy the way something behaves or looks
- simulationa model that copies a real situation
- [simultaneously](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/simultaneously)B1at the same time
- sinan act that breaks a religious rule
- [singular](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/singular)A2referring to just one, a grammar form
- [sketch](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/sketch)B2draw something roughly and quickly
- [skip](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/skip)B2move with light jumps, or omit something
- [slab](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/slab)C2a thick, flat piece of solid material
- [slash](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/slash)B2a diagonal line mark, or a forceful cut
- [slavery](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/slavery)B1the state of being owned as property
- [slot](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/slot)B1narrow opening, scheduled time period
- [snake](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/snake)A1a long animal with no legs
- [sneeze](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/sneeze)B1sudden burst of air from the nose
- [sniff](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/sniff)B2inhale audibly through the nose to smell
- [socialize](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/socialize)B2interact with others in a friendly, casual way
- [socially](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/socially)B1in a way related to society or friends
- sodiuma mineral found in salt
- solubleable to dissolve in liquid
- solutethe substance that dissolves in a liquid
- [solvent](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/solvent)B2a liquid that dissolves other substances
- [sometime](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/sometime)B1at an unspecified point in time
- sophisticatea person with refined tastes and wide experience
- [span](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/span)B2extend across a distance or period of time
- [spatial](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/spatial)C2relating to space, position, or area
- [specialty](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/specialty)B2a particular skill, or a signature dish
- [specification](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/specification)C1a detailed description of requirements
- [specimen](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/specimen)C1a sample used for testing or study
- spectruma full range of things such as colors or opinions
- sperma male cell that can fertilize an egg
- [sphere](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/sphere)B1round three-dimensional shape, area of activity
- spliceto join two pieces end to end
- [sponsorship](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/sponsorship)C1financial support for an event or person
- [spontaneous](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/spontaneous)C1done without planning, natural
- [spray](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/spray)B2fine drops of liquid, or a spraying device
- [stabilize](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/stabilize)C2to make or become steady and unchanging
- [stack](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/stack)B2a neat pile of things
- [stadium](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/stadium)A2a large place for sports events
- stancea person's opinion or position on an issue
- standardizeto make things follow one same rule or form
- staticnot moving or changing
- statisticalbased on the collection and analysis of numbers
- statisticallyaccording to statistics
- [statistics](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/statistics)B2numerical data collected and analyzed
- [stereotype](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/stereotype)B2an oversimplified fixed idea about a group
- stimulussomething that causes a reaction or growth
- [straightforward](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/straightforward)B2simple and easy to understand
- [strand](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/strand)B2a single thin length of thread or hair
- [strategic](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/strategic)B1carefully planned to achieve a goal
- [strictly](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/strictly)B2in a strict manner, without exception
- [stripe](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/stripe)B1long narrow band of color
- suba substitute, or a submarine
- subjectivebased on personal feelings rather than on facts
- subseta smaller group that is part of a larger one
- substitutionthe act of using one thing or person in place of another
- substratethe surface or material something grows on
- [subtle](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/subtle)B2not obvious, delicate or slight
- [subtract](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/subtract)B2to take one number away from another
- [sufficiently](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/sufficiently)B2to a degree that is enough
- [suicide](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/suicide)B1act of intentionally ending one's own life
- [super](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/super)A1excellent, very good
- [superior](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/superior)B1higher in quality, rank, or status
- [supposedly](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/supposedly)B1according to what is said, not certain
- [surgeon](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/surgeon)B1doctor who performs surgical operations
- surgicalrelating to surgery
- surplusan amount left over after all needs are met
- susceptibleeasily affected or harmed by something
- [sustainable](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/sustainable)C1able to continue without harming the environment
- [swap](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/swap)C1to exchange one thing for another
- [swell](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/swell)B1to increase in size, especially with fluid
- [sword](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/sword)B1weapon with a long sharp blade
- [syllable](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/syllable)B2a unit of pronunciation within a word
- syllabusa list of topics for a course
- [symbolic](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/symbolic)B2representing something else, having symbolic meaning
- [syndrome](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/syndrome)B1group of symptoms occurring together
- syntacticrelating to sentence structure
- syntaxthe rules for arranging words in sentences
- [synthesis](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/synthesis)C2combination of elements into a coherent whole
- [synthetic](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/synthetic)C1made artificially, not by nature
- [systematic](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/systematic)B1done according to a fixed plan

## T

- techtechnology, or the industry that makes it
- [technically](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/technically)B2according to strict facts or rules
- temporalrelating to time
- [tempt](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/tempt)B1to attract someone to do something wrong
- [tense](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/tense)B1feeling nervous or anxious
- [terminal](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/terminal)B1building where passengers depart or arrive
- terminologythe special words used in a subject
- [terribly](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/terribly)B1very badly, or extremely
- [textbook](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/textbook)A2a book used for studying a subject
- theorema statement in maths that has been proved true
- [theorist](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/theorist)B2a person who develops theories about a subject
- [thereby](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/thereby)C1by that means, as a result
- thermalrelating to heat
- [thesis](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/thesis)B2a long research paper for a degree
- [thickness](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/thickness)B2the extent of something from side to side
- [thread](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/thread)B2a thin strand used for sewing
- thresholdthe entrance to a room, or the point where something begins
- [thumb](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/thumb)B1the short thick finger on the hand
- tolerancethe ability to accept or endure something
- [ton](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/ton)B2a unit of weight equal to 1,000 kilograms
- [toxic](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/toxic)B2poisonous or harmful
- [tract](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/tract)C1a wide area of land; a body system
- [traditionally](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/traditionally)B1according to custom or tradition
- [trait](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/trait)B2a distinguishing quality of someone's character
- trajectorythe curved path of a moving object
- transrelating to a person whose gender is different from the one given at birth
- transactionan act of buying, selling or exchanging
- transcribeto write down spoken words
- transcriptiona written copy of spoken words
- [transformation](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/transformation)B1a complete change in form or appearance
- [translation](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/translation)B2text converted from one language into another
- [transmission](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/transmission)B2the sending of a signal or message
- [transmit](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/transmit)B2to send out a signal or message
- transparencyopenness, or the quality of being clear
- transplantan operation to move an organ into another body
- [trauma](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/trauma)C1a deeply distressing or disturbing experience
- [treaty](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/treaty)B2a formal agreement between countries
- [tremendous](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/tremendous)B1very great in amount or degree
- [triangle](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/triangle)B2a shape with three sides and three angles
- [tribe](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/tribe)B2a social group united by shared ancestry or customs
- [tricky](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/tricky)B2difficult to handle or understand
- [trivial](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/trivial)B2of little value or importance
- [tropical](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/tropical)B1relating to the hot regions near the equator
- [tumor](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/tumor)B2an abnormal growth of tissue in the body
- [turbulent](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/turbulent)B2full of sudden change, disorder, or unrest
- [tutor](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/tutor)B2a private teacher for one student

## U

- [ultimate](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/ultimate)B2final, or the greatest possible
- [undergraduate](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/undergraduate)B2a college student without a degree yet
- undermineto weaken something gradually
- [underneath](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/underneath)B1below or under something
- [unemployed](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/unemployed)B1without a paid job
- [unify](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/unify)B1bring together as one
- unintelligibleimpossible to understand
- unitythe state of being joined together as one
- unstablenot steady, or likely to change suddenly
- upliftto raise something, or to make someone feel happier
- [upward](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/upward)B1moving toward a higher place
- urineliquid waste passed from the body
- [usage](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/usage)B1the way something is used
- [utility](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/utility)B2usefulness, or a public service like electricity
- [utilize](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/utilize)B2to make practical use of
- utterancesomething that a person says

## V

- [vague](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/vague)B1not clear or precise
- [valid](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/valid)B2legally acceptable, or based on sound reasoning
- validitythe state of being legally or logically acceptable
- valvea part that controls the flow of liquid or gas
- variabilitythe fact of changing often or being different
- variancea difference between two amounts or things
- varianta slightly different form or version of something
- vectora quantity with both size and direction
- [vegetation](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/vegetation)C1plants in general, considered collectively
- [vein](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/vein)B1blood vessel carrying blood to the heart
- velocitythe speed of something in one direction
- [verbal](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/verbal)B2spoken rather than written
- [vertical](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/vertical)C1upright, at a right angle to the ground
- viableable to work or to succeed
- [virtue](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/virtue)B2moral excellence, or a good quality
- [vitamin](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/vitamin)B2a substance essential for healthy nutrition
- [vocabulary](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/vocabulary)A2the words known and used
- volitionthe power to choose or decide by yourself
- [vowel](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/vowel)B1a letter like a, e, i, o, u

## W

- watershedan important turning point
- wavelengththe distance between two waves of light or sound
- [weave](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/weave)B2a particular style or pattern of weaving
- [wheat](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/wheat)B2a cereal plant used to make flour
- wherebyby which, or through which
- [whichever](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/whichever)B1any one, no matter which
- [whoever](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/whoever)B1any person, no matter who
- [widespread](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/widespread)B1found over a large area
- [wisdom](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/wisdom)A2good judgment gained from experience
- [workshop](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/meaning/workshop)B1a room for making things, or training

## Y

- yeasta substance used to make bread rise or beer ferment

The full New Academic Word List holds 960 words and its authors measure it at 92% coverage of academic text.

The list comes from the New Academic Word List by Browne, Culligan and Phillips, published by [newgeneralservicelist.com](https://www.newgeneralservicelist.com/) and used here under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 licence. Meanings and example sentences are ours.

Other lists

[TOEIC words](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/exams/toeic)[CEFR word lists](https://vocaflare.com/en/english/words)[Take the level test](https://vocaflare.com/en/english-level-test)

## A list you can say out loud

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